IELTS 5 Practice Tests, Academic Set 4
TEST 20
READING
Page 115
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READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on
Questions 27 - 40
, which are based on Reading Passage 3
below
The Sauna
Paragraph A
Two thousand years ago, the itinerant Finns established a fur trade with Central Europe and gave
up their wandering ways. As their numbers increased, they moved inland, turning to the soil for
sustenance. Anthropologists know little about the Finns before the Middle Ages; therefore, the
origin of the sauna is in question. Most researchers agree that Finns always had some form of
sweat bath, as did most people around the world. It was one of the simplest and most efficient
ways to satisfy people’s innate need to keep clean. When the Finns were nomadic, they probably
used a sweat lodge they could take with them, similar to those carried by the American Indians
and still seen among nomadic tribes in central Asia. The first sauna was dug into an embankment
in the ground with plank sides. Later saunas were built above ground with wooden logs for the
floor, walls and roof. Rocks were heated in a stone stove with a wood fire until the rocks were
super hot. This room did not have a chimney, but a small air vent in the back wall. It was a half-day
process to heat this type of room and when the sauna reached the required temperature, the
bathers entered after the smoke cleared. The walls and ceiling would become dark black and so
this original sauna was called “savu” (Finnish for smoke).
Paragraph B
In the early 18th century, Scandinavian saunas lost their functional use in society and gathered
opponents in Europe. The opponents of the sweat bath in Finland, Norway and Sweden were a
coalition of economists, who maintained it wasted firewood. Their claims were not unfounded.
People traditionally took a sauna every day, which consumed a considerable amount of firewood.
Furthermore, the outside saunas rotted faster than other buildings, seldom lasting more than
twelve years, and they were in need of constant renovation. This put pressure on family and
community finances. Finns were under great duress from the Swedes to abandon the sauna.
Propagandists warned against its harmful effects, claiming they caused illness, convulsions,
tumors, premature loss of vision, and that they were particularly dangerous for children.
Paragraph C
The explosion of World War II halted this declining trend. Food became scarce, theaters and other
forms of entertainment closed and life became bleak. Sauna was one of the few pastimes people
could enjoy. The military also found the sauna essential. They used tents with special sauna
heating units as means of delousing the soldiers and boosting morale. Often, a sauna left by an
evacuated villager was repaired and heated by the freezing troops. After the war, the upward
trend continued, helped by new companies creating better and cheaper to run saunas.
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