Literature is referred to any collection written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry
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1.1. Brief introduction to slavery 1.2. Slavery in the Novel 2.1. Mark Twain's Biography and works 2.2. Slavery and Racism in Mark Twain's works 2.3. Slavery in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn CONCLUSION LIST OF USED LITERATURE INTRODUCTION Literature is referred to any collection written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral literature, much of which has been transcribed. Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting knowledge and entertainment. Literature, as an art form, can also include works in various non-fiction genres, such as autobiography, diaries, memoir, letters, and the essay. Within its broad definition, literature includes non-fictional books, articles or other printed information on a particular subject Definitions of literature have varied over time. In Western Europe, prior to the 18th century, literature denoted all books and writing. Then, during the Romantic period, a more restricted sense of the term emerged that emphasised the idea that "literature" was "imaginative" writing. Contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to older, more inclusive notions, so that cultural studies, for instance, include, in addition to canonical works, popular and minority genres. The word is also used in reference non-written works: to "oral literature" and "the literature of preliterate culture". A novel is a narrative work of prose fiction that tells a story about specific human experiences over a considerable length. Prose style and length, as well as fictional or semi-fictional subject matter, are the most clearly defining characteristics of a novel. Unlike works of epic poetry, it tells its story using prose rather than verse; unlike short stories, it tells a lengthy narrative rather than a brief selection. There are, however, other characteristic elements that set the novel apart as a particular literary form. For the most part, novels are dedicated to narrating individual experiences CHAPTER I 1.1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO SLAVERY Slavery, condition in which one human being was owned by another. A slave was considered by law as property, or chattel, and was deprived of most of the rights ordinarily held by free persons. There is no consensus on what a slave was or on how the institution of slavery should be defined. It has characterized its history since its discovery and is based on white superiority and black inferiority. Slavery found its way in American literature, mainly in the narratives of former slaves. However, many white novelists of the nineteenth century cared about black people’s suffering and focused on the issue of slavery such as Harriet Beecher Stowe in Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), and Mark Twain in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885). Nevertheless, there is general agreement among historians, anthropologists, economists, sociologists, and others who study slavery that most of the following characteristics should be present in order to term a person a slave. The slave was a species of property; thus, he belonged to someone else. In some society’s slaves were considered movable property, in others immovable property, like real estate. They were objects of the law, not its subjects The slave auctions were elaborate markets in which the prices of the slaves were determined. The auctions told the captains and their superiors what kind of cargo was in demand, usually adult males. Credit almost always was part of the transaction, and inability to collect was one of the major reason’s companies went bankrupt. After the auction the slave was delivered to the new owner, who then put him to work. That also began the period of “seasoning” for the slave, the period of about a year or so when he either succumbed to the disease environment of the New World or survived it. Many slaves landed on the North American mainland before the early 18th century had already survived the seasoning process in the Caribbean. The rapid expansion of the cotton industry in the Deep South after the invention of the cotton gin greatly increased demand for slave labour, and the Southern states continued as slave societies. The United States became ever more polarized over the issue of slavery, split into slave and free states. Driven by labour demands from new cotton plantations in the Deep South, the Upper South sold over 1 million slaves who were taken to the Deep South. The total slave population in the South eventually reached four million. As the United States expanded, the Southern states attempted to extend slavery into the new western territories to allow proslavery forces to maintain their power in the country. By 1850, the newly rich, cotton-growing South was threatening to secede from the Union, and tensions continued to rise. Slavery was defended in the South as a "positive good", and the largest religious denominations split over the slavery issue into regional organizations of the North and South. The issue of slavery played a key role in pushing America towards a bloody war fought between brothers wearing opposite uniforms known as the Civil War. During the years leading to the Missouri compromise, tensions began to rise between proslavery and antislavery groups within the U.S. Congress and throughout the country When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery, seven slave states broke away to form the Confederacy. Shortly afterward, the Civil War began when Confederate forces attacked the US Army's Fort Sumter. Four additional slave states then joined the confederacy after Lincoln requested arms from them to make a retaliatory strike. Due to Union measures such as the Confiscation Acts and the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, the war effectively ended slavery, even before the institution was banned by constitutional amendment. Following the Union victory in the Civil War, slavery was made illegal in the United States upon the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865. Slavery has been a major concept in the American society since its very first times in the United States. But it was not a theme in literature until literary Realism was in its zenith. Realist writers aimed at treating the material of slavery in a realistic fashion. The literatures tackling slavery consist of a sympathetic description of the enslaved and the brutality they endure. Slave narratives, however, were much more insightful when it comes to slavery as a theme. African-American writing has tended to incorporate oral forms, such as spirituals, sermons, gospel music, blues, or rap. African-American literature has both been influenced by the great African diasporic heritage and shaped it in many countries. African American literature dates back to African slaves' earliest arrival in the New World in 1639, when they forged a language and literature of their own. At the heart of this body of work lies the African American vernacular tradition. This tradition includes oral forms of expression existing prior to African slaves' abilities to read and write in the English language. It has been created within the larger realm of post-colonial literature African-American oral culture is rich in poetry, including spirituals, gospel music, blues, and rap. This oral poetry also appears in the African-American tradition of Christian sermons, which make use of deliberate repetition, cadence, and alliteration. African-American literature—especially written poetry, but also prose—has a strong tradition of incorporating all of these forms of oral poetry. These expressive forms were not originally produced for mass circulation. They were ingroup forms of expressing the realities of their daily lives in America. These forms often included coded or secret messages of enduring the ills of slavery. The African American vernacular tradition informs African American literature of slavery and freedom. Major themes during this period are resistance to tyranny and dedication to human dignity. African American authors during this period questioned the institution of slavery as they became increasingly familiar with the teachings of the Holy Bible. These writers equated literacy with freedom. With their growing literacy, African American authors appealed to the traditional Christian doctrine of a universal brotherhood of humanity as a way of challenging the morality of slavery. Slave narratives became an important form of literary expression before the Civil War. Slave narratives were mostly autobiographical in nature and gave an account of the person’s experiences, their escape from slavery, and their lives after slavery. The hardships, the inhumanity, oppression, distress, racism and slavery were excellent motivations behind the birth of the slave narratives by black educated former slaves. The rising tensions between the anti-slavery north and the proslavery south that have been taking place in the years prior to the Civil War provided realist novelists with unprecedented materials for the white abolitionist writers such as Harriet Beecher Stowe and Mark Twain to write about. They paved the way for the following generation of novelist to make a space for the theme of slavery a relevant theme in literature. Twain remains the best example of those who deal with the issue of slavery in their writings. Although Twain wrote the novel after slavery was abolished, he set it several decades earlier, when slavery was still a fact of life. People were still struggling with racism and the aftereffects of slavery. By the early 1880s, Reconstruction, the plan to put the United States back together after the war and integrate freed slaves into society, had hit shaky ground, although it had not yet failed outright. As Twain worked on his novel, race relations, which seemed to be on a positive path in the years following the Civil War, once again became strained. The imposition of Jim Crow laws, designed to limit the power of blacks in the South in a variety of indirect ways, brought the beginning of a new, insidious effort to oppress. The new racism of the South, less institutionalized and monolithic, was also more difficult to combat. Slavery could be outlawed, but when white Southerners enacted racist laws or policies under a professed motive of self-defence against newly freed blacks, far fewer people, Northern or Southern, saw the act as immoral and rushed to combat it. 1.2. SLAVERY IN THE NOVEL The novel was published in 1885, it aims at reflecting the darker side of the American society and the evil of slavery during the 19th century. The book was set during the 1840‟s where slavery was not abolished, throughout the novel Twain speaks about families that owned slave in America (History.com).Most of the themes portrayed in the novel are directly related to the issue of slavery such as: prejudice, racism, freedom and hypocrisy. The white people of this period in the south of America have many prejudices towards slaves. In his novel Mark Twain demonstrates to what extent this society is racist. This can be seen through many characters and the way they act towards blacks. The people of the towns are slave owners and they treat them with disrespect and they make them look like fools, for example when Tom and Huck trick the slave Jim and he thinks that he is bewitched. The fact that other slaves come from other part of the country to listen to his story is a kind of making fool of them “Niggers would come miles to hear Jim tell about it, and he was more looked up to than any nigger in that country” (Twain 6). Some characters even believe that the slaves belong to them as if they are a personal property and if they run towards their freedom, slave-owners would hire some people to bring back those slaves. As an example, in the novel, Miss Watson plans to sell Jim down the river “I hear old missus tell de widder she gwyne lto sell me down to Orleans, but she didn‟ want to, but she could git eight hund‟d ldollars for me” (Twain 45). This is the main cause why he runs away from her Pap is also a racist man, when he gets drunk one night he explains how the government is too wonderful as he speaks of a black man who could speaks many languages,the worst thing for Pap is that this person could vote in his town “butwhen they told me there was a State in this country where they‟d let that nigger vote, I drawed out. I says I‟ll never vote agin. Them‟s the very words I said; they all heard me; and the country may rot for all me—” (Twain 29). In this situation Twain lshows us to what extent Pap is racist and he refuses voting if the government gives the right of voting to a black man while in reality it is more appropriate for an educated black man to vote than for drunken Pap. Another situation of racism when Aunt Sally asks Huck if anyone get hurts he says “No‟m. Killed a nigger” (Twain l223). She replies: “Well, it‟s lucky; because sometimes people do get hurt”( Twain 223), as if when someone black dies it means nobody is getting hurt in this caseslaves are not considered to be human.Slavery is the main theme that Mark Twain focuses on in his novel through the character Jim who suffered from mistreatment and slavery. Even though Huck was raised in a society that supports slavery and as the novel progresses, one may notice that Huck‟s feelings towards the slave Jim start to change when he discovers that Jim has a family but due to slavery he is away from his wife and children. At lthe beginning of the novel Huck has some doubts to save Jim because of what people will say about him and due to what he learns from society about blacks and the prejudices he has about them as inferior. For example, when Huck wrote a letter to Miss Watson Jim‟s owner “I felt good and all washed clean of sin for the first time I had ever felt so in my life, and I knowed I could pray now” (Twain 216). In lthis situation Huck is confused between whether to tell Miss Watson about her slave and follow what society tells him to do or to follow his instinct and help Jim. Huck struggles with some prejudices about Blacks that society has ingrained in him and he challenges some traditional notions of the timeFreedom is another important theme in the novel. It is shown into Jim being freed from slavery and his will to free his family member which is his goal in the novel “Jim won‟t ever forgit you, Huck; you‟s de bes‟ fren‟ Jim‟s ever had; en you‟s de only fren‟ ole Jim‟s got now” (Twain 92) when Jim sees the light of the free states he starts to thank Jim for helping him and he considers Huck as his best friend. Twain is blaming society for supporting slavery and giving slave owners the right to separate children wives from their families only for the sake of their benefits. Even at the beginning of the novel a Judge of the town gives custody to Huck‟s abusive and drunken father even “it was a new judge that had just come, and he didn‟t know the old man; so, he said courts mustn‟t interfere and separate families if they could help it; said he‟d druther not take a child away from its father” (Twain22). The fact that the Judge is new in the town he did not know about the bad treatment of Pap towards his son Huck who prefers to live in the woods instead of living with his abusive, drunken father for this reason he gives custody to Pap while the Widow and the Judge Thatcher try to win Huck‟s custody. In this part of the novel Twain tries to make a link between Huck‟s suffering from his abusive father and the slave Jim who suffers from slave hunters and his owner at the same time, therefore Twain attempts to show race relations not just through Jim but even Huck, because his father treats him as if he is his own property and he locks him in the cabin just like they do to slaves for the sake of taking his money “Every little while he locked me in and went down to the store, three miles, to the ferry, and traded fish and game for whisky”( Twain 26). Twain makes the issue of custody looks like an analogy to slaveholding because The Widow and Judge Thatcher try to take Huck away from his father just like Jim who is running away from his master looking for his freedom.Pap prevents Huck from educating himself and he beats him all the time, he even mocks on his son because he learns how to write and speak “ou‟re educated, too, they say—can read and write. You think you‟re better‟n your father, now, don‟t you, because he can‟t? i’ll take it out of you” (Twain 21). Twain is giving hints of Huck‟s suffering due to his drunken father who is always beating him for the sake of taking his money from Judge Thatcher in this point Twain is focusing on the cruelty of white people and the way they treat their own sons because they did not beat only their Black slaves, and this can be seen through the character Pap who used to beat his son Huck and locks him inside the cabin in the woods.By the end of the novel Twain does not make Jim run away from slavery and reach the North in defiance of the slave holding society but rather makes him free lawfully by his owner‟s will after her death here Twain is denouncing the fact that he is totally against slavery in the south and his aim is to free the slave Jim in the South as well all the other slaves and to give them their own freedom just like Blacks who lives in the North freely, Twain focuses on the fact that slavery should be outlawed in the South.Twain attacks the hypocrisy of slavery. For example, the Widow Douglass and Miss Watson try to civilize Huck by teaching him Christian values but he knows that these values take more stock in the dead rather than in the living and they make Huck feel lonely, bored and uncomfortable (LitChart, Hypocrisy and Society). The contradiction between religion and slavery is hinted at right in the first pages of the novel when “they fetched the niggers in and had prayers” (Twain 3). Their Christianity does not make them treat slaves as human beings.Indeed, Twain‟s attitude toward slavery is that he is against it. This is can be seen throughout the novel and especially characters‟ reaction towards others who support slavery. For example, the hypocrisy of Miss Watson because she preaches to Huck how she is going to live so as to go to the good place yet she owns slaves. Twain also shows his distaste for slavery by portraying Pap‟s ignorance. Pap, boasting his belief that he is superior to blacks, for example he did not want to vote when he hears about the free “nigger” (mulatto) who has the right to vote, as if he is trying to show his superiority towards blacks. 2.1. Mark Twain’s Biography and Works Mark Twain is the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens who was born in the Hamlet of Florida, Missouri, on November 30, 1835, the sixth child of John and Jane Clemens. He spent his childhood in Hannibal which served as a model to many towns in his books. It is a must to be aware about Mark Twain‟s family, hometown, opinions and his life because all these aspects had an immense influence on his literary work. When he was four years old, Sam and his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, a town on the bank of the Mississippi river. His father John Marshall Clemens worked in a general store (Sweets 01). Twain spent his young life in a prosperous family that owned a number of household slaves, yet the death of Clemens‟s father left the family in financial troubles. Twain left school at the age of 12 after his father‟s death, and he became a printer apprentice at the Hannibal Courier. In 1851 he got a job in his brother Orion‟s journal Hannibal Western Union. This foreshadowed his future job as he became in touch with all the events that happened in the town, and it provided him with experiences and materials for his writings. Then in 1857 he began learning the art of piloting a steamboat on the Mississippi. Mark Twain worked as a river boat pilot. He loved his job; it was exciting, and well paying. However by the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 he lost his job because traffic on the Mississippi river was shut off. Life on the river can be seen throughout many works such as the scenes of Huckleberry Finn (“Mark Twain” Biography.com).As soon as the Civil War began, the traffic along the Mississippi river stopped. First, Twain joined the confederate militia in 1861 due to his southern heritage but after two weeks only, he found out that it is foolish to die for nothing and deserted the army. He went west and worked as a gold miner, a profession at which he failed miserably. Mark Twain said: I was a soldier two weeks once in the beginning of the war, and was hunted like a rat the whole time. Familiar? My splendid Kipling himself hasn't a more burn't in, hard-baked and unforgettable familiarity with that death-on-the pale-horse-with-hell-following-after which a raw soldier's first fortnight in the field--and which, without any doubt, is the most tremendous fortnight and the vividest he is ever going to see (Lombardi). In February 1870 and at the age of 24 Mark Twain got married to Olivia (Livy) Langdon, the daughter of an abolitionist family in Elmira, New York. Olivia Clemens was considered to be frail in health; she played an essential role in the popularity of his collective works due to her moral influence and literary experience. The couple settled in Buffalo and later had four children. After many years of his marriage the family went through a couple of slight incidents that disturbed their bliss and brought them to a pessimistic mood. At first, they lost their toddler son Langdon, to diphtheria; in 1896 they lost their favourite daughter, Susy, at the age of 24, of spinal meningitis then his youngest daughter, Jean, died in 1909 at the age of 29 of a heart attack and in 1904 his wife Livy died after a long illness. This immense loss made him live in hell till his death on April 21, 1910 at the age of 74 in Connecticut. He was buried in Elmira, New York (“Mark twain” Biography.com). During the late 1860‟s and the 1870‟s Mark Twain‟s writing, characterised by using different and various vernacular and dialect, gave him an immense celebrity. His novel The Innocents Abroad (1869) was an instant best seller and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) received even greater national acclaim and covered Twain‟s position as a giant in American literary domain as the American nation grew and prospered economically in the post Civil War period. An era that was known as the Gilded Age because the United States witnessed prosperity and development in all aspects economically, politically and even in the field of literature. His works were well known and sold in all parts of America; this made him wealthy enough to build a large house in Hartford, Connecticut (“Mark twain” Sparknotes).Mark Twain began working on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as a sequel to Tom Sawyer, in an effort to take advantage of the popularity of his earlier novel. This new novel took on more serious character, however, as Mark Twain focused progressively on the issue of slavery and the south. This pushed him to putit aside, perhaps because of its darker tone that did not fit the optimistic sentiment of the Gilded Age. Ernest Hemingway stated that: “all of American literature comes from one great book, Twain‟s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” (Vanspanckeren 48). Thus, many writers considered Mark Twain as the father of American literature.The hardships, the inhumanity, oppression, distress, racism and slavery were excellent motivations behind the birth of the slave narratives by black educated former slaves. The rising tensions between the anti-slavery north and the proslavery south that have been taking place in the years prior to the Civil War provided realist novelists with unprecedented materials for the white abolitionist writers such as Harriet Beecher Stowe and Mark Twain to write about. They paved the way for the following generation of novelist to make a space for the theme of slavery a relevant theme in literature. Twain remains the best example of those who deal with the issue of slavery in their writings. 2.2. Slavery and Racism in Mark Twain’s works The issue of race and social injustice have been essential matters in Mark Twain‘s literary works. As humorist, Twain shows an intense sympathy to the struggles of humanity by means of jokes. His works are always revolving around three major themes which are egalitarianism, empathy, and entrepreneurialism. On the other hand, many critics and literary men have accused Twain for being a proslavery and racist man, but in fact, Twain was not a supporter of slavery; despite his father and uncle being slave owners, Twain married the daughter of an Abolitionist (Hankinson). His attitude towards slavery and racism was clear as he has commented on the Emancipation Proclamation as it sets the white men free the same way it does with black slaves (Twain). In Twain‘s point of view, slavery and racism were shameful practices which should not have a place in the American nation and white Americans as well need to be freed from them. Twain, the husband of an Abolitionist and supporter of the Emancipation Proclamation, would not write a novel containing racism with the intention of installing racist ideologies; he would, however, write about racism to satirically criticize it(Sloane).Twain‘s influence has exceeded to include writers of all types and genres such as Toni Morison, the well-known African American writer. She praises Twain‘s work in her introduction to the Oxford Huckleberry Finn and states that the book frees the language and more importantly its silences. She finds it a true undertaking to the most troubling and sophisticated issue of race (Sloane). The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel that speaks about an important period in the American history. Mark Twain in his novel focuses on the ignorance of southern society and southern people in their support to slavery. He uses characters to embody real issues that blacks suffered from. Mark Twain as one of the great American novelists of the nineteenth century gives us a glimpse on life in the 1840s‟ in America. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a satirical novel. The novel starts when Tom Sawyer and Huck have each come into a considerable amount of money as a result of their earlier adventures (The Adventures of Tom Sawyer). Both novels are set in the town of St. Petersburg, Missouri which lies on the Mississippi river. At the end of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Huckleberry Finn a very poor boy and Tom Sawyer a middle-class boy with a big imagination that he used for his own good, found a bag of gold that belongs to some robbers. As a result, Huck gained a big amount of money which the bank held for him (Spark notes. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn).Huck, a young boy about thirteen years old, has been placed under the guardianship of the Widow Douglas, who, together with her sister, Miss Watson, is trying to civilize him with proper dress, manners and religious piety. Huck appreciates their effort but he found civilized life as imprisoning, confining and false and he would rather live free and wild.The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways (Twain 02 But Huck could not stay in that house; with the help of Tom Sawyer he could run away one night past Miss Watson‟s slave Jim, to meet up with his band members. They both played tricks on the slaveJim, the first trick is when Tom suggests to attach Jim to a tree after he sleeps just for fun, as if Twain is trying to show us how black slaves suffered from white mistreatment and how they were not considered to be human but only as objects or tools to have fun “When we was ten foot off Tom whispered to me, and wanted to tie Jim to the tree for fun” (Twain 6). Also they make another trick on Jim when Tom and Huck climb into the house and steal three candles for which Tom laid five cents on the table for pay. Then Tom quietly makes his way to Jim, takes off Jim‟s hat and places it on a limb above Jim‟s head. After Jim wakes up he believes he has been bewitched. According to Huck Jim tells all the other slaves that he had been ridden around the state by some witches, and hung his hat on a limb to show who done it: “Jim said the witches bewitched him and put him in a trance, and rode him all over the State, and then set him under the trees again” (Twain 6). Huck‟s life changed after the sudden reappearance of his lazy, drunken, abusive father “pap” in the story. His father was looking for the six thousand dollars, when he appears in the town he starts asking for Huck‟s money. “I‟ve been in town two days, and I hain‟t heard nothing but about you bein‟ rich. I heard about it away down the river, too. That‟s why I come” (Twain 22). The local Judge, Judge Thatcher and the widow try to get legal custody yet another Judge in the town believes in the natural right of Huck‟s natural father and even tries to reform him, but pap soon returns to his bad habits, he walks around the town harassing his son. Meanwhile, Huck gives all his money to Judge Thatcher to keep it away from his father “I hain‟t got no money, I tell you. You ask Judge Thatcher; he‟ll tell you the same” (Twain 22). Pap kidnaps him and locks him in an old cabin near the river, but Huck refuses to live in such a miserable situation, he finds out a solution. During the absence of his father he fakes his own murder and sets off down the Mississippi River. Huck encounters Miss Watson‟s slave Jim on an island called Jackson‟s Island. Jim has run away when he knew that Miss Watson was planning to sell him down the Mississippi river “I hear old missus tell de widder she gwyne to sell me down to Orleans, but she didn‟ want to, but she could git eight hund‟d dollars for me, en it „uz sich a big stack o‟ money she couldn‟ resis‟” (Twain 45) so he ran away to Jackson‟s island and his goal is to reach the free states. Jim was trying to get to Cairo, Illinois and then to Ohio, a free state where slavery is outlawed in an attempt to buy his family‟s freedom. The two decide to hide together. To avoid the danger of discovery they agree on floating down the river on a raft they found earlier at night and sleep during the day. At first Huck has doubts about whether to tell someone about Jim‟s running away or not, afterwards when they talked together in depth Huck starts to know many things about Jim‟s hard life. From this moment Huck‟s opinion about black people and slavery start to change. During their journey down the river, Huck and Jim miss the Cairo bend in the fog one night and find themselves floating deeper into slave territory. Huck‟s and Jim‟s raft is crashed by a steam boat and they are separated in the mighty river. Huck swims to the shore where he meets the Grangerfords, a local prosperous slaveholding family. Huck claims to be George Jackson, a passenger who fell from a steam boat.“I warn‟t prowling around, sir, I fell overboard off of the steamboat.” “Oh, you did, did you? Strike a light there, somebody. What did you say your name was?” “George Jackson, sir. I‟m only a boy.” (Twain 99).Huck becomes friend with Buck Grangerford a boy of his age and he knows from him that the Grangerfords family is engaged in a thirty year blood feud against another family, the Shepherdsons. Huck witnessed a violent eruption of the feud in which many people are killed, he finds Jim and returns to the raft.Huckleberry Finn also tries to trick Jim when he reunites with him and he pretends that Jim dreamed up their entire separation “Oh, well, that‟s all right, because a dream does tire a body like everything sometimes. But this one was a staving dream; tell me all about it, Jim” (Twain 88). At the beginning Jim is convinced that his separation with Huck is not true and it is only a dream but later on Jim discovers that Huck tricks him when he observes all the remains, dirt and tree branches collected on the raft. “En all you wuz thinkin‟ „bout wuz how you could make a fool uv ole Jim wid a lie” (Twain 89). He gets mad of Huck for making a fool of him after he had worried about him. But after all Huck feels bad and finally he apologizes, and he feels bad about hurting Jim.Huck and Jim continue down the river until they meet two men calling themselves a King and a Duke who are being followed by armed bandits. They claim to be a displaced English duke (the Duke) and the long lost-heir to the French throne (the Dauphin). Powerless to tell the two adult men to leave, Huck and Jim continue down the river with the pair aristocrats. The duke and the dauphin start performing plays in many towns and went through a good deal of troubles. Afterwards the Duke and the Dauphin pretend to be Peter Wilks‟ long lost brothers from England in an attempt from them to steal all the money left behind in his will, but they run away before they are caught. Huck gets free of them and continues searching for Jim who is sold by the king. He ends up at Tom Sawyer's Aunt Sally's house, where Tom and Huck rescue Jim “we had Jim out of the chains” (Twain 294). Then Tom reveals that Miss Watson has freed Jim before she died. Huck decides to travel west before anyone will try to “sivilize” him again. 2.3. Characters All the characters in the novel are involved in the institution of slavery, either by being themselves slaves like Jim, or by owning slaves or making money from slavery. 1. Huck Finn Huck is the protagonist and the narrator of the novel. From the beginnings Mark Twain makes it clear that Huck is a boy who comes from the lowest levels of white society and he therefore owns no slaves himself. In fact while we follow Huck in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn it appears that this young boy and thanks to his distance from normal society is cynical of the world around him and the ideas passed on to him particularly after he travels down the river. His experiences with Miss Watson‟s slave Jim force him to question the things society has taught him. Huck owns no slaves and this pushes him to help the slave Jim to reach his own freedom because he did not have that harsh attitude towards blacks and he discovers that blacks are humans just like white people. This is can be seen in chapter sixteen when Jim told Huck his plan to buy his family freedom “he would buy his wife, which was owned on a farm close to where Miss Watson lived; and then they would both work to buy the two children, and if their master wouldn‟t sell them, they‟d get an Ab‟litionist to go and steal them” (Twain 91-92). Huck is a thirteen-year old boy, the son of the drunken man from St Petersburg, Missouri, a town on the bank of the Mississippi river. Huck shares his society‟s view of slaverywhich can be seen in chapter sixteen when Jim speaks about his freedom as they came near free states. Huck starts to have some doubts about guiding Jim towards his freedom“But you knowed he was running for his freedom, and you could a paddled ashore and told somebody” (Twain91). The idea of Jim‟s freedom starts to trouble him, and he could not accept it because of what people and society will say about him and the fact he saves a slave. That act was not accepted at that time “I begun to get it through my head that he was most free—and who was to blame for it? Why, me. I couldn‟t get that out of my conscience, no how nor no way. It got to troubling me so I couldn‟t rest; I couldn‟t stay still in one place (Twain 91). Then he tries to write a letter to Tom and tell him to tell Miss Watson where he was (Jim) but he gives up the idea for two reasons. The first one is that Miss Watson would sell Jim down the river and people will make Jim feel ungrateful for the rest of his life because he ran away from his master and the second reason is that people would say that Huck helps a nigger to get his freedom: “Huck Finn helped a nigger to get his freedom; and if I was ever to see anybody from that town again I‟d be ready to get down and lick his boots for shame (Twain 215). In this part of the novel Twain shows us to what extent society can shape people‟s mind and actions.Huck Finn is one of the most important characters in the novel due to his inner struggle with his conscience. It is Huck‟s vision through which readers will see other characters and events of the novel. Huck views his surroundings with a practical and logical lens, he observes the environment and gives realistic description of the Mississippi river and the culture that dominates people of the south. The Widow Douglass tries to improve and civilize him but Huck rejects her attempts and maintains his independent ways. The society fails to protect him from his abusive drunken father. Huck‟s distance from normal society makes him mocking of the world around him and the ideas it passes on to him. Huck‟s instinctual disbelieve and his experiences as he travels down the river force him to question the things society has taught him as well as he depicts a realistic view of common ignorance, slavery, and the inhumanity that follows. (Cliff Notes, Character Analysis Huckleberry Finn).While moving down the Mississippi river and through their long journey on the raft and the hard situations that they encounter, Huck proves his natural cleverness while taking some final decisions that would upset the society. For example, when Huck and Jim meet a group of slave hunters and he tells a lie to save Jim, for him he knows that telling a lie is bad, but he does so for the sake of saving his friend Jim, in this case telling a lie is something right for him. For example the Smallpox story that he makes up for slave-hunters to protect the runaway slave Jim “Your pap‟s got the small-pox, and you know it precious well. Why didn‟t you come out and say so? Do you want to spread it all over?” (Twain 94). As Huck realizes it seems to be a good idea to tell a lie depending on its purpose (Spark Notes, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn NP).Huck is still a child and every situation he encounters seems to be new for him and it represents a chance to learn more about this world. According to the law, Jim is Miss Watson‟s slave or property, but according to Huck‟s sense and justice it is more appropriate for him to help Jim rather than to take him back to his old life as a slave. When Huck ran back to the raft in order to run away with Jim from the King and the Duke, Jim is gone and Huck starts to cry because he could not save him and he discovers from the young boy that his friend Jim is sold in the Phelps plantation“Down to Silas Phelps‟ place, two mile below here. He‟s a runaway nigger, and they‟ve got him” (Twain 214). Huck could be seen as a symbol for America, because when he talks with Jim on the raft he knows the suffering of Jim is due to civilization. As a result, in the novel, Huck is running away from civilization that caused him and his friend Jim many problems, they had problems with slave-hunters then with the con men who sold Huck‟s friend Jim. Slavery is spread in this period and as if it is something obligatory because throughout the novel one may notice that all families in the south own slaves; “But I reckon I got to light out for the Territory ahead of the rest, because Aunt Sally she‟s going to adopt me and sivilize me, and I can‟t stand it. I been there before” (Twain 295). Twain is demonstrating through the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn the fact that slavery in the south was accepted among people and it has nothing to do with morals and slave‟s feelings. When Huck says “he got to light out for the territory ahead of the rest”, he is taking the role of the pioneer: heading out to discover new natural country far away from this one, as soon as Aunt Sally plans to “sivilize” him, he starts thinking of running away and as if he running away from civilization that caused black people‟s suffering and injustice. In his novel, Twain shows to what degree slaves were over exploited, oppressed and physically and mentally abused, he uses the character Jim to explain how inhumanely Jim was separated from his wife and children. 2. Jim
the head of the bend. Is your man white or black?” (Twain 93). In this situation Huck tells a lie for the sake of saving his friend Jim, he tells the band that the man on the raft is a white man and he is his father (Pap) who is having the small-pox. The fact that Jim is a black slave makes him at the mercy of all the characters of this novel and always forced to ridiculous and degrading situations. For example, he is sold to the Phelps‟s for forty dollars with no mercy and Huck keeps searching for him “they could have the heart to serve Jim such a trick as that, and make him a slave again all his life, and amongst strangers, too, for forty dirty dollars” (Twain 215). In this case Twain is focusing on the issue of slavery and how can some people such as the King and the Duke make money by selling the black slave Jim even though Jim and Huck have helped the two to run away from many troubles.Jim takes care over the young boy Huck as he provides for him shelter, food and protects him from many horrors that they encounter in their journey down the river, and he always chooses the right path for him. Jim is superstitious “Some young birds come along, flying a yard or two at a time and lighting. Jim said it was a sign it was going to rain” (Twain 47). At the beginning, Jim appears to be foolish to believe so trustily in these kind of signs and omens, it turns out curiously thatmany of his beliefs do indeed have some basis in reality “Pretty soon it darkened up, and begun to thunder and lighten; so, the birds was right about it. Directly it begun to rain, and it rained like all fury, too, and I never see the wind blow so” (Twain 51). So, they find a cavern in the island where they hide their things and it protects them from the rain. Huck at first considers Jim‟s superstition as silly but he comes to appreciate Jim‟s knowledge of the world. Jim proves his fidelity when he risks his life and stays in the swamp waiting for Huck and even when Jim gets the chance to be free at the end of the novel he stays by Tom Sawyer‟s side. 3. Tom Sawyer Tom Sawyer is the same age as Huck and his best friend. Thanks to his imagination, he gives Huck access to complicated adventures found in Romantic novels. Tom has been raised in relative comfort, he believes in sticking strictly to social rules, most of which have more to do with style than morality or anyone‟s welfare. His behavior is the total opposite to that of Huck; Tom has a firm loyalty to rule while Huck has a tendency to question authority.Tom represents the society of his time, the tricks he makes seem to be funny but in fact they show how much terrifying and unthinking society can be. Tom knows that Miss Watson is dead and the black slave Jim is free but he allows Jim to remain captive while he thinks of a fantastic escape plan and this shows us that Tom did not care about Jim and his freedom and he exemplifies to what extent society can shape a young man‟s behavior to become egotistical. Huck decides to help Jim and to free him from the Phelps‟s plantation. When he gets to the farm they think he is Tom, “Dear, dear, it does seem like I could eat you up! Children, it‟s your cousin Tom!—tell him howdy” (Twain 223). Huck knows that real Tom will come to the house so he went searching for him and when he finds him he asks him to steal the slave Jim out of the plantation. Huck is astonished because Tom agrees to help him: “Well, I let go all holts then, like I was shot. It was the most astonishing speech I ever heard” (Twain 228). Then they both start making plans to save Jim after they examine the cabin where Jim is being held. Huck‟s logical plan is to steal the keys from uncle Silas and unlock Jim but Tom finds this plan too simple “it‟s mild as goose-milk” (Twain 235). Then they decide to dig Jim out of the cabin and this plan is complicated and it will take a couple of weeks. Tom is trying to make the escape like the prison novel he has read. Twain focuses in his novel on the issue of slavery and makes it one of the essential subjects dealt with to show black suffering. Many Characters in the novel are slaveholders like Miss Watson, the Grangerfords and the Phelps family while other characters profit from slavery in an indirect way such as the Duke and the King who sell Miss Watson‟s slave Jim into the Phelpses plantation in exchange for a cash reward and even Tom who wants to have fun at the expense of Jim. 4. Widow Douglass and Miss Watson They are two wealthy sisters who live in a large house in St Petersburg and who adopt Huck in an attempt to civilize him. The Widow Douglass is a nice religious lady who takes Huck under her wing. Miss Watson is very severe and the most prominent representative of the hypocritical religious and social values Twain criticizes in the novel because she does not care about her black slave Jim and his separation from his family; “whoever saved him would send him back home so as to get the reward, and then Miss Watson would send him south” (Twain 79). When Huck acts in an inappropriate manner he fears disappointing the Widow Douglass more than Miss Watson because she is gentler in her beliefs and more patient with him. However, Miss Watson has freed Jim in her testament so that no one will own him after her death but during her lifetime, he must remain her slave. 5. Pap Huck‟s father and the town drunken, Pap looks bad and terrible when he appears at the beginning of the novel with disgusting ghostly white skin and torn clothes. The illiterate Pap dislikes of Huck‟s education and beats him “he used to always whale me when he was sober and could get his hands on me” (Twain 12). Pap represents in the novel the failure of family structure and the degradation of white society because he is not searching for his son but when he knows that Huck owns enough money he locks him in the woods. Pap can also be seen as racist in the novel as he shows his racist attitude toward the rich “mulatter” when he blames the government for giving him the right to vote even though he is professor and can speak many languages and is more educated than Pap. He is not seen as a man or a member of the society. Due to Pap‟s racist attitude he underestimate this man “They said he could vote when he was at home. Well, that let me out. Thinks I, what is the country a-coming to? It was „lection day, and I was just about to go and vote myself if I warn‟t too drunk to get there” (Twain 29). In this case Twain is trying to shed light on the way white people always see blacks as inferior no matter about their social status and how much intelligence they had. 2.3.6. The Duke and the Dauphin On their journey down the river Huck and Jimpick up two con menwho claim to be descendent of royalty. The older tells them that he is a king and should be treated like one; while the younger tells them, he is a Duke and should be treated like one, they perform bad plays in many towns near the river. Huck knows about their trick and their lies but he has little choice since the two men are stronger and can turn Jim at any time “It didn‟t take me long to make up my mind that these liars warn‟t no kings nor dukes at all, but just low-down humbugs and frauds (Twain 127).The king and the duke convinced the family that they are Wilks‟ brothers. In order to strengthen the confidence of the town, the duke and the king offer their portion of gold to the daughters “take it all. It‟s the gift of him that lays yonder, cold but joyful” (Twain 170).Huck betrays them when they scheme to steal the Wilks sisters out of their inheritance. Huck discovers where the king and the duke hide the gold therefore he takes the six thousand dollars and waits to give it back to its rightful owners “I‟ll hive that money for them or bust” (Twain 178). Huck thinks to hide the money in the house but he had doubts that the king will find it, so he decides to hide the money in the coffin “I run in the parlor and took a swift look around, and the only place I see to hide the bag was in the coffin” (Twain 182). In this chapter Twain is focusing on the hypocrisy of the society and how the king and the Duke try to trick the daughters of the dead man just for the sake of stealing their money, they have no moral values or feelings toward these family members. Then the King and the Duke sell the slave Jim for a meager reward. Mark Twain tries to show us how the Duke and the King could betray Huck, the boy who helps them and gives them shelter on his raft by selling Huck‟s friend the black slave with no mercy. “Because they could have the heart to serve Jim such a trick asthat, and make him a slave again all his life, and amongst strangers, too, for forty dirty dollars.” (Twain 215).The King and the Duke cause harm to Jim and cause themselves moral harm by misunderstanding what it is to be human only for the sake of profit, because they sell Huck‟s friend the black slave Jim without any thinking as if they are selling an object or something worthless. 2.3.7. The Grangerfords A family that takes Huck in after a steam boat hits his raft on the river. This family is wealthy and Huck is impressed by their gaudily decorated home, they treat him with the utmost hospitality but only after they know he has nothing to do with the “Shepherdsons”. This family is stuck in a long standing feud with another local family, the Shepherdsons. Mark Twain uses these two families in his novel to mock of romanticized ideas about family honor. Ultimately, this feud gets many of the family members killed. The Grangerfords treat Huck as if he is their own son when the old lady takes care of him “Why, bless you, Saul, the poor thing‟s as wet as he can be; and don‟t you reckon it may be he‟s hungry” (Twain 101).Through these characters, Twain is giving the reader some clear pictures about the families of that time because he sheds light on the contradiction that the family owns slaves and at the same time they take care about the boy Huck who is a stranger. The Grangerfords are very rich as they own a huge number of slaves in their plantation, each member of the family owns a slave. Even Huck was given a slave to serve him but he finds it strange to have a slave because he did not have the habit of having one “Each person had their own nigger to wait on them—Buck too. My nigger had a monstrous easy time, because I warn‟t used to having anybody do anything for me” (Twain 109).The “nigger” was following Huck in all the places. In this situation Twain is giving evidence about white people superiority and the way blacks are treated in society. Slavery is portrayed in the Grangerfords family, because each member of the family owns a slave. He also shows how Huck‟s slave helps him to find Jim who is hiding in the bushes “I poked into the place a-ways and come to a little open patch as big as a bedroom all hung around with vines, and found a man laying there asleep—and, by jings, it was my old Jim” (Twain 114). Here the role of the black slave is very important as he guides his master Huck to find Jim and from here Twain confirms that slaves are human and they are just like white people and should be treated in a good way. 2.3.8. The Phelps Silas and Sally Phelps are Tom Sawyer‟s aunt and uncle, whom Huck encounters on many occasions while he is searching for Jim after the con men have sold him. Sally is the sister of Tom‟s Aunt, Polly. Essentially good people and typical Southerners, the Phelps hold Jim in custody and try to return him to his rightful owner. They keep him in a cabin and another slave takes food to the cabin where Jim is a prisoner “Well, the nigger unlocked the padlock when he went in, and he locked it again when he came out” (Twain 234).Silas and Sally are the unknowing victims of many of Tom and Huck‟s preparations in their attempts to free Jim. The Phelps are the only intact and functional family in the novel yet they are slaveholders, they own many slaves; “behind her comes her little white children, acting the same way the little niggers was going” (Twain 222).Twain also mentions the good treatments of this family toward strangers even if they own slaves, for example when Tom appears and pretends to look for Mr. Archibald Nichols house“Mr. Archibald Nichols, I presume?” (Twain 229) the old man tells him he is wrong and that his driver has deceived him, but he did not let him go and brings him inside the house for dinner. Twain is giving an image about the hypocrisy of society where people take care of white men whereas they keep their slaves locked inside cabins and they put an end to their freedom. Sally Phelps‟s sister “Aunt Polly- Tom‟s aunt Polly” (Twain 1) appears at the end of the novel and properly identifies Huck, who has pretended to be Tom Sawyer and Tom, who has pretended to be his own younger brother, Sid. Mark Twain introduces us to many types of characters; some of them own slaves while others make money from the institution of slavery. We meet Miss Watson, the Grangerford family and the Phelps who own slaves, on the other hand we also meet people like the Duke and the King who profit from the institution of slavery, because there are many markets of slavery where money can be made if you capture a slave (Negelsen NP). CONCLUSION To conclude what has been studied in this research, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel which had the courage to assail the arrogant belief of white Southerners in their superiority to Negroes. After a deep examination and analysis of the novel, it appears that Mark Twain is totally against slavery and racism through his satirical tone of writing and the different elements of the story such as characters for example when Pap mocks of the black man who had the will to vote, he considered him as inhuman and have no rights to vote like any other white man. Through this character we can see the foolishness and ignorance of Pap and the focus on his racist act. That Twain is not racist can be seen through the character Huck Finn, who in the beginning is like any Southern person who sees Blacks as inferior and not human as they are only slaves and property who have no right to do anything. But when Huck starts his journey down the Mississippi river with the black slave Jim, he realizes that Jim protects him from dangerous situations they encounter. All these aspects indicate that the slave Jim is really human and sensitive person, from here Huck recognizes that Jim has the total right to live freely with his family and he merits respect and admiration. From this point, Huck‟s behaviour towards the slave Jim starts to change as it becomes more positive, he starts to believe in his conscience to hel p Jim to be free despite the fact that he will confront his society rules, showing that Twain is totally against slavery.It appears through the novel that Twain is completely against slavery and racism when he portrays the character Jim as sensitive, honest and reasonable like loyal friend and real father who cares for his family. On the other hand, Twain makes the white character Pap who mistreats his own son Huck and his bad habits in contrast to Jim. Twain also uses some white characters‟ behaviour‟s to criticize the hypocrisy of society and civilization as well as to show to what extent they support slavery. For example, the King and the Duke who are frauds and they trick many innocent people, the Shepherdsons and the Grangerfords two feuding families whose main reason is to kill each other with no mercy. Twain wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn with a negative view of society to show his real opinion that he is against the thoughts and beliefs of southern people over different issues such as slavery and racism through characters actions and behaviour. Furthermore, he portrays southern society that is filled with ill racist behaviour. The events of the story happened before the Civil War when slavery was still legal and he focuses on slaves suffering through Jim. Twain also criticise the hypocrisy of society through Miss Watson who owned the slave Jim and Aunt Sally who believe that slavery is obligatory for life even though they are ethically correct and religious. They agree to sell Jim down the river and separate him from his family. This creates moral confusion and shows Mark Twain‟s view that society is full of evil and corruption. Also, when Jim is captured by the King and the Duke they sell him without hesitation and all what they were looking for is the reward.When Huck sees the acts of the Duke and the King and the way they treat Jim who becomes his loyal friend, he starts to have doubts about what he learns from society. He cannot understand why people treat Blacks in such bad way, then he begins to understand the injustice of society and he decides to run away. Mark Twain denounces the social acts and values of the southern society focussing on the issue of slavery and racism during the pre-civil war era, he believes that there is no reason for the whites, whether devoted Christians or aristocracy to believe they are superior to Blacks. Twain Criticizes Southerners for not being caring and loving persons towards slaves but they are rather spoilt by their chase for money, heaven and lost honour. Unfortunately, this negative racist attitude towards blacks in the United States can still be found even nowadays, two centuries after the publication of Twain‟s novel which proves how far sighted and visionary he was.The fact that the author is not racist can be seen throughout the character of huckleberry Finn in the beginning Huck is like any Southern person who sees Blacks as inferior and not human as they are only slaves and property who have no right to do anything. But when he starts his journey with the black slave Jim through the Mississippi river Huck realises that Jim protects him from many dangerous situations they encounter. all these aspects show that the slave Jim is really human being and a really sensitive person and from here Huck recognizes that Jim has the total right to live freely with his family and he merits respect and admiration. and from that point Huck’s behaviour towards the slave Jim starts to change as it becomes more positive, he starts to believe in his conscience to help Jim to be free despite the fact that he will confront his society rules, showing that Twain is totally against slavery. It appears all over the novel that twain is against the idea of slavery and racism. He portrays the character Jim as sensitive, honest and reasonable like loyal friend and real father who cares for his family and on the other hand, Twain makes the white character Pap who mistreats his own son Huck and his bad habits in contrast to Jim. Author also uses some white characters‟ behaviours to criticize the hypocrisy of society and civilization as well as to show to what extent they support slavery. For example, the King and the Duke who are frauds and they trick many innocent people, the Shepherdsons and the Grangerfords two feuding families whose main reason is to kill each other with no mercy. He wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn with a negative view of society to show his real opinion that he is against the thoughts and beliefs of southern people over different issues such as slavery and racism through characters actions and behaviour. Furthermore, he portrays southern society that is filled with ill racist behaviour. The events of the story happened before the Civil War when slavery was still legal and he focuses on slaves suffering through Jim. Twain also criticise the hypocrisy of society through Miss Watson who owned the slave Jim and Aunt Sally who believe that slavery is obligatory for life even though they are ethically correct and religious. They agree to sell Jim down the river and separate him from his family. This creates moral confusion and shows Mark Twain’s view that society is full of evil and corruption. Also, when Jim is captured by the King and the Duke, they sell him without hesitation and all what they were looking for is the reward. And When Huck sees the acts of the Duke and the King and the way they treat Jim who becomes his loyal friend, he starts to have doubts about what he learns from society. He cannot understand why people treat Blacks in such bad way, then he begins to understand the injustice of society and he decides to run away from them it can also be considered a running away and breaking free from the contemporary ideology of the society.Unfortunately, this negative racist attitude towards blacks in the United States can still be found even nowadays, two centuries after the publication of Twain’s novel which proves how far sighted and visionary he was. Mark Twain denounces the social acts and values of the southern society focussing on the issue of slavery and racism during the pre-civil war era, he believes that there is no reason for the whites, whether devoted Christians or aristocracy to believe they are superior to Blacks. Twain Criticizes Southerners for not being caring and loving persons towards slaves but they are rather spoilt by their chase for money, heaven and lost honour. LIST OF WORKED LITERATURE Works Cited Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1986.
Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. New York: Penguin Classics, 1986 “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn slavery in American society” Spark Notes, 4 May 2021. www.sparknotes.com/lit/huckfinn/context/historical/slavery-and-american - society/ “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn themes” Grade saver, 4 May 2021. www.gradesaver.com/the-adventures-of-huckleberry-finn/studyguide/bibliography "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: An Overview." Gale Essential Overviews: Scholarly, Gale, 2006. www.gale.com/open-access/the-adventures-of-huckleberry-finn Wilson, Joshua. "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Themes." LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 19
Sep 2013. www.litcharts.com/lit/the-adventures-of-huckleberry-finn/themes Wilson, Joshua. "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Themes: Slavery and Racism." LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 19 Sep 2013. Web. www.litcharts.com/lit/the- adventures-of-huckleberry-finn/themes/slavery-and-racism Wilson, Joshua. "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Themes: Society and Hypocrisy." LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 19 Sep 2013. www.litcharts.com/lit/the-adventures- of-huckleberry-finn/themes/society-and-hypocrisy Primary Source Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. pdf. Web accessed June 12, 2017 http://contentserver.adobe.com/store/books/HuckFinn.pdf Secondary Sources Abramova, S. U. “Ideological, Doctrinal, Philosophical, Religious and Political Aspects of the African Slave Trade”. UNESCO (ed.) The African Slave Trade from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century. Paris: the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1979. 16-31. Andrews, William L. “Slave Narrative”. Encyclopedia Britannica, web accessed June 6, 2017 https://www.britannica.com/art/slave-narrative Baena, Victoria . "The Life of Olaudah Equiano Themes: Freedom and Slavery". LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 7 Apr 2017. Web. accessed 15 May 2017 http://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-life-of-olaudahequiano/themes/freedom-and-slavery Biography. Com Editors. “Harriet Ann Jacobs. Com”. April 2, 2014, Web accessed June 5, 2017 https://www.biography.com/people/harriet-ann-jacobs-9351667 Biography.com editors “Mark twain Biography. Com” April 27, 2017 web accessed June 7, 2017 https://www.biography.com/people/mark-twain-9512564 Biography.com Editors. “Mark Twain Biography” The Biography.com website. A&E Television Networks April 28, 2017. Web. accessed on: 20 April, 2017 http://www.biography.com/people/mark-twain-9512564 Campbell, Donna M. "Realism in American Literature, 1860-1890." Literary Movements. Dept. of English, Washington State University. Date of publication 9/7/2015. Web accessed June 4, 2017 . https://public.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/realism.htm Civil War Trust. “Civil War Casualties”. Civilwar.org. 2017. Web. Accessed, 2017- 06-08 https://www.civilwar.org/learn/articles/civil-war-casualties Cliff notes “character analysis Huckleberry Finn” web accessed June 13, 2017 https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/a/the-adventures-of-huckleberryfinn/character-analysis/huckleberry-finn De La Cruz, Kimberly. “History of American Literature”. Web. https://fr.slideshare.net/khimdelacruz07/history-of-american-literature- 28410486 Essays.ws Editors. “The representation of the history of American slavery in the themes of literary works of the African American literary tradition essay”. Essays.ws. Web. date of access: 02/05/2017 / 00:59 http://www.essay.ws/the-representation-of-the-history-of-american-slaveryin-the-themes-of-literary-works-of-the-african-american-literary-tradition-essay/ Fife, Tresha. “Setting in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”. Web accessed June 15, 2017 Yüklə 42,91 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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