Plan: Turkish State system

Subject:Republic of Turkey
Plan:
1. Turkish State system.
2.The nature of the state of Turkey
3.History of the Turkish state
Literature.

Erkinov Xotamjon

Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a country in Western Asia (97%) and Southern Europe (3%). Both Turkey and Asia are part of the European continent. The capital of Turkey is the city of Ankara. The state language is Turkish. Its area is 783,562 km². Population (2021) — 84,680,273 people. The currency of Turkey is the lira. The Republic of Turkey consists of 81 provinces.

Turkey has borders with 14 countries.
Modern Turkey was formed in 1923 as a result of the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War and the national liberation war of the Turkish people, the abolition and disintegration of the monarchy and the establishment of the Turkish nation-state.

State system

Turkey is a republic. The current constitution was adopted in 1982 (several amendments and additions were made). The head of state is the president (Ahmet Nejdet Sezer since 2000), who is elected by the Grand National Assembly by secret ballot for a 7-year term and can be re-elected once more. The supreme legislative parliament is the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The supreme executive power is the government, which is headed by the Prime Minister (Bosh Bogan). The prime minister is appointed by the president from among the deputies.

A state located in the eastern part of Turkey in 1919-1939. 97% of its territory is in the Asia Minor peninsula (Anatolia), 3% in Europe (Eastern Thrace). It is surrounded by the Black Sea from the north, the Aegean Sea from the west, and the Mediterranean Sea from the south. Several islands in the Aegean Sea also belong to Turkey. The area is 814,578 km². The population is 75.63 million. person (2012). The capital city is Ankara. Administratively, it is divided into 81 provinces (provinces), and the provinces are divided into embassies

Nature
The nature of Turkey is extremely colorful and attractive. Most of Barish Uzbek Terrain is mountainous and flat; There are wide and open plains, mountains, lakes, plateaus and rivers between the mountain ranges that lie parallel to the northern and southern coasts. The North Anatolian plains are adjacent to the Black Sea coast in the north, the Taurus Mountains are in the south, the Somonli, Ulutog, Strandja and Tekirtog mountains are on the Marmara Sea side, the Kazakh, Yunt and Aydin mountains are on the Aegean Sea side, the Kiziltog, Raman and Sof mountains are in Central Anatolia, and the Agri Mountains are in Eastern Anatolia (this On the mountain, the highest point of Turkey, the Great Agri peak (5137 m) rises. The territory of Turkey is located in a seismically active zone. Turkey has chromite, borate, bauxite, tungsten, mercury, antimony, copper, coal, oil, manganese, iron and others underground. The climate is subtropical, the western and southern coasts are warm, there is a lot of rain, in the interior the summer is hot and dry, the winter is cold, and there is a lot of snow. The average temperature in January is cold from 5-10°C in the lowlands to -15°C in the inner plains and -35°C in the eastern highlands. The average temperature in July is 22-32° on the sea coast, 30° on the Jazira plateau (more than 40°). Average annual precipitation is 1000-3000 mm. Large lakes are: Van, Tuz, Beyshehir, Eyir. Rivers: Qizil River, Euphrates, Sakarya, Araks, Tigris, Green River, Ceyhan. The soil consists mainly of gray and light brown soil in the deserts of the interior plains, chestnut soil in the dry steppes, brown soil on the coasts, and saline soil in the bottom of the depressions. In the mountains of Taurus and Eastern Pontia there are evergreen and coniferous forests, and in the higher part of the mountains there are meadows. The Jazira Plateau consists of a semi-desert with wormwood. The mountains are home to wild boars, boars, wolves, wild boars, bears, and others. There are many kinds of fish in the waters near the coast. There are 12 national parks in Turkey. Major ones: Olympos Beydaglari, Munzur Valley, Kyopryuliu Kanon.

90% of the population are Turks. Kurds, Arabs, Uzbeks, Adyghe, Ubiks, Chechens, Ossetians, Lezgins, Greeks, Armenians, Lazs, Georgians, Azerbaijanis, Turkmens, Bulgarians, and Albanians also live here. The main part of the population believes in the Sunni school of Islam.

History
In the territory of present-day Turkey, there have been countries with high culture since ancient times. Anatolia was part of the Hittite Kingdom, Lydia, Media, Achaemenid Empire, Macedonian Alexander Empire, Seleucid Empire, Pontic Kingdom, Pergamon, Qad, Rome, Byzantium. Turkic peoples began to move to this area from the 11th century. After the founding of the Seljuk state under the leadership of Togrulbek and Chagribek, leaders of the Oghuz Turkmen tribes, Islam began to spread. After Sultan Alp Arslan defeated the army of Byzantine emperor Roman IV Diogenes in the Battle of Malazgirt in 1071, the Seljuk state expanded immensely. The kingdom flourished during the reign of Sultan Malikshah (1072-1092). After the death of this ruler, the kingdom disintegrated and smaller states emerged, such as the Seljuks of Syria, the Seljuks of Iraq and Khurasan, the Seljuks of Kirman, and the Seljuks of Anatolia. Anatolian Seljuks state played a major role among them. As a result of the battle of Kosatog in 1243, the Mongols destroyed this state and conquered the country. By the end of the 13th century, when the Mongols weakened, a number of independent beyliks (Beks) were established and the country began to develop. At the beginning of the 14th century, the Ottoman Beylik under the leadership of Osman I managed to unite many beyliks and establish a powerful centralized state with Bursa as its capital - the Ottoman Turkish Empire. The Ottomans soon moved to Europe and began to occupy the territory of the Byzantine Empire. Recovering from the defeat of Ankara, the Ottoman Turks under the leadership of Sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (now Istanbul) (May 29, 1453) and ended the Byzantine Empire. During the reign of Salim I the Evil and Suleiman I the Lawful, the territory of the kingdom expanded even more. Towards the end of the century, European countries started joint war against Turkey. In 1683, in a battle near the city of Vienna, the Turkish army was defeated by the Polish, Austrian and German armies. In 1684, Austria, Poland, Venice (since 1686 Russia) formed the "Holy Alliance" against Turkey. The Allies struck Turkey hard several times. However, Turkey defeated the Russian army led by Peter I in the Battle of Prut in 1711. Peter I of Kurshov was able to escape in return for promises. At the end of the century, the empire lost its position in Azerbaijan, Dagestan, Jibal, and even Gilan in the east, was forced to retreat to the south of the Danube in the west, and handed over the lands up to Astrakhan in the north to Russia, and began to lose its position in world politics. Even more casualties occurred in the 18th century. After the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, Turkey lost its position in the Black Sea and the Balkan Peninsula. According to the 1774 KuchukKaynarja peace treaty, the Crimean Khanate was separated from Turkey and declared independent. However, in 1783, Russia occupied the Crimea. In the war of 1787-1791, Turkey was again defeated by Russia, as a result, Russia's border was extended to the Dniester River. Turkey was forced to recognize that Moldova and Wallachia were under Russian patronage.

Sultan Salim III (ruled the empire from 1789 to 1807) started the modernization of state organizations, first of all, military reforms. As a result of these reforms called New Nizam ("Nizomi jadid"), innovations were introduced in administration, finance, trade, agriculture, science and other fields. However, the reforms were resisted by ignorant clerics, janissaries who were afraid of losing their influence in the army, and others, and as a result of the uprising on May 15, 1807, they overthrew Sultan Salim III. The activity of Mustafa IV, who came to the throne, was focused on destroying the gains made due to "Nizomi jadid". However, the reformers managed to increase their support and put Sultan Mahmud II on the throne on July 28, 1808. Mahmud II destroyed the janissaries and reorganized the army, made positive changes in administration, finance, law and other areas. However, his reforms could not stop the crisis of the Ottoman Empire. Uprisings broke out in Greece and Serbia. Meanwhile, as a result of the war between Russia and Turkey in 1806-12, Russia's borders expanded to the Prut River. In the war of 1828-1829, Russia won and Turkey was forced to grant the status of autonomy to Greece. Turkey's economic dependence on European capital has increased. In order to get rid of dependence, the ruling class of Turkey carried out a new reform (tanzimat) in 1839 and created an opportunity for the formation of Turkish intellectuals. In 1853-1856, Turkey won the Krom war against Russia. Russia was forced to sign the Treaty of Paris on March 30, 1856. According to this treaty, free navigation of ships in the Danube River, the Black Sea was declared open to the trade ships of all countries, neutral, "integrity and inviolability of the Ottoman Empire" was recognized. During this period, interest in European culture and economy increased in Turkey, banks were opened, and industry began to develop. He became a progressive intellectual, journalist, writer, administrator and others. During the reign of Sultan Abdulaziz (1861-1876), the Tanzimat movement was continued, albeit with difficulty. During this period, the Ottoman state did not participate in any international war. However, there were rebellions in the empire's strongholds on the Balkan Peninsula. The movement of Young Ottomans, which supports the idea of improving the socio-economic situation of the country and establishing a constitutional system, has expanded. By this time, books, magazines and newspapers began to be published. The first Basic Law was promulgated in the year when Sultan Abdulhamid II (ruled 1876-1908) ascended the throne (December 23, 1876). The sultan dissolved the parliament in February 1879, which criticized the government, and persecuted many of the young Ottomans. With the defeat of Turkey in the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878, Turkish rule in the Balkan Peninsula ended. France occupied Tunisia in 1881, and Great Britain occupied Egypt in 1882. The movement of the Young Turks grew stronger in the country, and under the strong influence of the secret "Union and Progress" organization created by them, the Sultan was forced to announce the establishment of a constitutional system on July 23, 1908. From 1914, all the power was transferred to the hands of Mehmet Tal'at Pasha (1874-1921), Ahmad Jamal Pasha (1872-1922) and military inspector Anwar Pasha (1881-1922), who were the leaders of the Young Turks. In World War I, the Ottoman Empire fought on the side of Germany. On October 30, 1918, Turkey surrendered to the Entente countries. Entente countries occupied Turkey. A national liberation movement began among the Turkish people. Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) led this nationwide movement, which was called the Liberation War in Turkey. The war of liberation was raging. As a result of the battles of Inano and Sakaria in 1921, the Greek troops were defeated. Izmir was liberated on September 9, 1922. On November 1, 1922, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) passed a law on the abolition of the Sultanate and the separation of the Caliphate from the Sultanate. In accordance with the Treaty of Lausanne (July 24, 1923), Turkey's borders were defined, Turkey's political and economic independence was recognized. On October 29, 1923, Turkey was declared a republic. On March 3, 1924, the caliphate was abolished. In 1924-1934, a number of reforms related to state building, legal relations, culture and marriage were carried out, including the adoption of the Constitution, the transition from the Arabic alphabet to the Latin alphabet. First of all, the state and religion were separated from each other, schools and educational affairs were taken over by the state, sharia courts were abolished, a new judicial system was formed, new laws were developed, and women were given the right to vote. Changes were also made in the field of economy.