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Propolis: chemical composition, biological properties and therapeutic activity
Propolis: chemical composition, biological properties
and therapeutic activity
Mc Marcucci
To cite this version:
Mc Marcucci. Propolis: chemical composition, biological properties and therapeutic activity.
Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 1995, 26 (2), pp.83-99.
HAL Id: hal-00891249
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Review article
Propolis:
chemical
composition, biological
properties
and
therapeutic activity
MC
Marcucci
Biological
Chemistry Laboratory,
Chemical
Institute of Universidade Estadual de
Campinas,
CP 6154,
cep
13081-970,
Campinas,
SP,
Brazil
(Received
23
June
1994;
accepted
30
November
1994)
Summary —
The
plant
sources
and chemical
composition
of
propolis
are
reviewed. The chemical
constituents that may
be relevant to its
biological
and
therapeutic activity
are
discussed.
The
cyto-
toxic
activity
and antimicrobial and
pharmacological
properties
of
propolis
are
presented. Propolis
components,
which
cause
allergy
and
are
responsible
for anticancer
activity,
eg, caffeic acid
derivatives,
are
reported.
The
therapeutic efficacy
of
propolis
in
treating
diseases caused
by microorganisms
is
described. Some recent
concepts
about
propolis
and its
use
in medicine
are
presented.
propolis
/
phenolics
/
antimicrobial
activity
/
toxicity
/
therapeutical activity
INTRODUCTION
In
recent
years there has been renewed
interest
in
the
composition
of
propolis,
a
substance that
can
be
regarded
as a
poten-
tial natural
source
in folk medicine and in
the chemical
industry.
This article describes
the
composition, biological
and
pharmaco-
logical properties, therapeutic activity
and
uses
of
propolis
in
pharmaceutical
and
cos-
metic
products.
COMPOSITION OF PROPOLIS
Propolis
is
a
natural resinous substance col-
lected
by
bees from
parts
of
plants,
buds
and exudates
(Ghisalberti, 1979).
Bees
use
it
as a
sealer
for their hives
(García-Viguera
et al,
1992)
and,
more
importantly,
to
pre-
vent
the
decomposition
of
creatures
which
have been killed
by
bees after
an
invasion of
the
hive
(Brumfitt
et al,
1990).
Characteris-
tically,
it is
a
lipophilic
material,
hard and
brittle when cold but
soft,
pliable,
and very
sticky
when
warm,
hence the
name
bee-
glue (Hausen
et al,
1987a).
It possesses
a
pleasant
aromatic
smell,
and varys in
color,
depending
on
its
source
and age
(Brown,
1989). Among
the
types
of chemical sub-
stances
found in
propolis
are
waxes,
resins,
balsams,
aromatic and ethereal
oils,
pollen
and other
organic
matter
(Ghisalberti
et al,
1978).
The
proportion
of these
types
of sub-
stances
varies and
depends
on
the
place
and time of collection
(Ghisalberti
et
al,
1978;
Bankova
et al,
1992b).
The
com-
pounds
identified in
propolis
resin
originate
from 3
sources:
plant
exudate
collected
by
bees;
secreted substances from bee
metabolism;
and materials which
are
intro-
duced
during
propolis
elaboration
(Ghis-
alberti,
1979;
Marcucci
et al, 1994b).
Simple
fractionation of
propolis
to
obtain
compounds
is
difficult
due
to
its
complex
composition.
The usual
manner was
to
extract the
fraction
soluble in
alcohol,
called
’propolis
balsam’,
leaving
the alcohol-
insoluble
or wax
fraction
(Ghisalberti, 1979).
Although
ethanol
extract
of
propolis (EEP)
is
the
most common, extracts
with other sol-
vents
have been carried
out
(Villanueva
et
al, 1964;
Cizmárik and
Matel, 1970;
Hladón
et al, 1980;
Bankova
et al, 1983, 1988, 1989;
Manolova et al,
1985; Cortani,
1987, 1991;
Grunberger
et al, 1988;
Andrich
et al, 1987;
Neychev
et al, 1988; Ross,
1990)
for iden-
tification of many constituents.
Many
ana-
lytical
methods have been used
for
sepa-
ration and identification of
propolis
constituents
(Bankova
et
al 1982, 1988,
1989, 1992a, 1994;
König,
1986;
Cortani,
1987;
Pápay et al,
1987;
Grenaway
et al,
1988, 1989, 1991;
Walker and
Crane, 1987;
Nagy
et al, 1989a, 1989b;
Campos
et al,
1990;
Christov
and
Bankova, 1992;
Tomás-
Barberán
et al,
1993
).
The known compo-
nents
of
propolis
resin
are
listed in table
I.
Vitamins
B
1
,
B
2
,
B
6
,
C,
E,
and mineral
elements
silver, cesium,
mercury, lan-
thanum,
antimony,
copper,
manganese,
iron, calcium, aluminium,
vanadium and sil-
icon have all been
identified
in
propolis
sam-
ples (Deblock-Bostyn,
1982;
Debuyser,
1983).
The
plant origin
of
propolis
has been
studied
by
many researchers. Bankova
et
al
(1992b)
showed that
propolis composi-
tion is very similar
to
bud exudates.
Quali-
tative
composition
of many
compounds,
eg,
flavonoids
aglycones
in
propolis
of different
tree
species
has indicated that
propolis
has
been collected
from
Populus
fremontii
(USA),
P
x
euramericana
(UK),
Dalechampia
spp and
Clusia
spp
(Equator)
(Greenaway
et al,
1990); P nigra,
P italica,
P tremula
(Bulgaria)
and P suaveolens
(Mongolia) (Bankova
et al, 1992b;
1994);
Betula,
Populus,
Pinus, Prunus, Acacia,
Aesculus
hypocastane
(Hungary) (Nagy
et
al,
1985), Clusia minor (Venezuela) (Tomás-
Barberán
et al,
1993),
Plumeria acuminata
and P acutifolia
(Hawaiian Islands)
(König,
1985)
and Betula and Alnus
(Polish
regions)
(Warakomska and Maciejewicz, 1992).
BIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
Antibacterial
activity
The in vitro
activity
of
propolis against
sev-
eral bacterial strains has been
reported
(Ghisalberti,
1979;
Vanhaelen and Van-
haelen, 1979b;
Pepeljnjak et al,
1981, 1982;
Pápay
et al, 1985b;
Kawai and
Konishi,
1987;
Toth and
Papay,
1987;
Okonenko,
1988;
Petri
et al,
1988;
Rosenthal
et al,
1989;
Brumfitt
et al, 1990;
Cuéllar
et al,
1990;
Soboleva
et al,
1990;
Dimov
et al,
1991;
Dobrowolski
et al, 1991;
Kujumgiev
et al, 1993;
Ventura
Coll
et al, 1993;
Lan-
goni
et al, 1994;
Woisky
et al,
1994).
Meresta and Meresta
(1985)
examined
the
sensitivity
of
75
bacterial strains
to
propolis
extracts.
Of
these,
69
were
identi-
fied
as
Staphylococcus
spp and
Strepto-
coccus
spp.
All
strains exhibited
a
high
sen-
sitivity
to
propolis
extracts.
The antibacterial
activity
of
propolis
against
S
aureus
209P
had minimum
inhibitory
concentration
(MIC)
and minimum bactericidal concentration
(MBC)
values of 10 and 120
mg/ml,
respec-
tively (Meresta
and
Meresta, 1980).
Valdez
Gonzalez
et al (1985)
observed that EEP
inhibited the
growth
of various bacteria
including
strains
of
Streptococcus
and Bacil-
lus.
Grange
and
Davey (1990)
related that
preparations
of EEP
(3 mg/ml) completely
inhibited the
growth
of Pseudomonas aerug-
inosa and Escherichia
coli,
but had
no
effect
on
Klebsiella
pneumoniae.
Fuentes and Her-
nandez
(1990)
showed that EEP had
a
pro-
nounced
activity against Gram-positive
bac-
teria,
including
S
aureus,
E
coli,
P
aeruginosa,
B
subtilis,
S
epidermidis
and
Streptococcus sp (B hemolytic).
The results
of Fuentes and Hernandez
were
confirmed
by
Marcucci
et
al
(1994c)
with the
same
E
coli strain.
Besides
aerobic
bacteria,
the anti-
microbial effects of EEP have been tested
against
a
total number
of
267
anaerobic
strains. The
cultures of bacteria
generally
showed the
highest sensitivity
to
1
mg/ml
of EEP (Kedzia, 1986, 1990).
Extracts
of
propolis
have been shown
to
potentiate
the
effect of certain antibiotics
(Ghisalberti,
1979;
Kedzia and
Holderna,
1986;
Hernandez and
Bernal, 1990;
Krol
et
al,
1993).
The antibiotic action
against
S
aureus
(various strains)
and E coli
was
increased
by
the addition
of
propolis
to
nutri-
ent
medium. The presence of
propolis
pre-
vented
or
reduced any
gradual build-up
in
tolerance
of
Staphylococci to
antibiotics
(Ibragimova
and
Pankratova, 1983;
Mer-
esta
and
Meresta,
1985).
The antibacterial
activity
of
propolis
is
reportedly
due
to
flavonoids and aromatic
acids and
esters
present
in
resin
(Debuyser,
1983;
Meresta and
Meresta,
1985/1986).
Galangin,
pinocembrin
and
pinostrobin
have
been
recognized
as
the
most
effective
flavonoid
agents against
bacteria
(Dimov
et
al,
1992).
Ferulic and
caffeic acid also
con-
tributes
to
bactericidal action
of
propolis
(Debuyser, 1983).
Kedzia
et
al
(1990) reported
that the
mechanism
of antimicrobial
activity
is
com-
plicated
and could be attributed
to
a
syner-
gism
between
flavonoids,
hydroxyacids
and
sesquiterpenes.
Scheller
et al (1977b)
and
Krol
et
al
(1993)
also
observed this
effect .
Antiviral
activity
There
are
few data from studies
of
the anti-
viral effects of
propolis (Esanu
et al, 1981;
König,
1986;
Bankova
et al,
1988;
Neychev
et al, 1988;
Debiaggi
et al, 1990;
Vachy
et al,
1990;
Amoros
et al 1994;
Serkedjieva
et al,
1992).
In
virological
studies carried
out
with
extracts
obtained with various
solvents,
some
fractions affected the
reproduction
of
influenza viruses
A
and
B,
vaccinia virus
and Newcastle disease virus in
different
bio-
logical testing systems
(Maksimova-Todor-
ova
et al,
1985;
Manolova
et al,
1985).
The
action
of these active fractions
was
similar
both in strain
spectrum
and in the
degree
of antiinfluenza
activity
of
propolis
concen-
trations from 0.2-3.0
mg/ml.
Amoros
et al (1992a, 1992b)
investi-
gated
the in vitro
effect of
propolis
on
several
DNA
and RNA
viruses,
including herpes
simplex
type
1,
an
acyclovir
resistant
mutant,
herpes
simplex type
2,
adenovirus
type
2,
vesicular stomatitis
virus and
poliovirus type
2.
The inhibition
of
poliovirus propagation
was
clearly
observed.
At
a
concentration
of
30
μg/ml,
propolis
reduced the titer of
herpes
simplex
virus
by
1
000,
whereas
vesicular
stomatitis and adenovirus
were
less
sus-
ceptible.
In addition
to
its effect
on
virus mul-
tiplication, propolis
was
found
to exert
a
viri-
cidal action
on
the
enveloped
viruses
herpes
simplex
(HSV)
and vesicular stomatitis virus
(VSV).
Flavonoids and aromatic acid deriva-
tives
exhibit antiviral
activity
(Helbig
and
Thiel, 1982;
Ishitsuka
et al, 1982; Mucsi,
1984;
Mucsi
and
Pragai,
1985;
Kaul
et al,
1985;
Tsuchiya
et al, 1985;
Vanden
Berghe
et al, 1986;
Vrijien
et al, 1988;
Wleklik
et al,
1988;
Serkedjieva
et al,
1992;
Amoros
et
al,
1994). König
and Dustmann
(1985)
ver-
ified that
luteolin
was more
active than
quercetin,
but
remarkably
less than caffeic
acid,
in the
inhibition of Amazon
parrot
her-
pes virus
(strain KS144/70)
at
range
con-
centration of
12.5-200.0
mg/ml.
Phenolics
such
as
caffeic acid
were
found
to
have
a
weak
activity against
influenza
although
vac-
cinia and adenovirus
were more
sensitive
than
polio
and
parainfluenza
virus
(Vanden
Berge
et al,
1986). Debiaggi et al (1990)
studied
the effect of
propolis
flavonoids
on
the
infectivity
and
replication
of
some
herpes
virus, adenovirus,
coronavirus and rotavirus
strains. The
cytotoxicity
of
flavonoids,
includ-
ing chrysine, kaempferol,
acacetin,
galan-
gin
and
quercetin
was
evaluated.
The antiviral
activity
of constituents of
propolis,
such
as
esters
of substituted cin-
namic
acids,
have been studied in vitro. One
of
them,
isopentyl
ferulate,
significantly
inhib-
ited the
infectious
activity
of influenza virus
A
(Hong
Kong strain)
at
50
mg/ml
(Serked-
jieva
et al,
1992).
Similar results
were
found
by
Amoros
et
al
(1994)
when the in vitro
activity
of
3-methylbut-2-enyl
caffeate iden-
tified in
propolis samples
was
tested
against
herpes simplex
virus
type
1
(HSV-1).
The
same
synthetic compound
showed
strong
inhibition of HSV-1
growth
at
a
concentration
of 25
mg/ml.
Some authors
suggested
that
the antiviral
activity
of
propolis
is due
to
both
the main constituents and the minor
com-
ponents
like
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