The methods of lingustic research used in lexicology

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION SCIENCE AND INNOVATION
OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
TERMEZ STATE UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF FOREIGN PHILOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
AND LITERATURE

COURSE WORK

ON THE THEME:
“ THE METHODS OF LINGUSTIC RESEARCH
USED IN LEXICOLOGY”
DONE BY: Bekmurodova Sanobar
SUPERVISOR: Hayitova Feruza


TERMEZ 2023
“TASDIQLAYMAN ”
Deparment of English language and literature
kafedrasi mudiri______ Normurodov Z.
_______,____________,2023-yil
“ O’rganilayotgan til nazariy aspektlari” fanidan kurs ishini
bajarish bo’yicha
TOPSHIRIQ
Talaba:____________________________________________________________
Kurs va guruh:______________________________________________________
Kurs ishi rahbari:____________________________________________________
Topshiriq berish sanasi:_______________________________________________
Tavsiya etilgan adabiyotlar:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Kur ishi tarkibi(bob, bo‘lim, paragraf):_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Kurs ishi bajarishning kalendar rejasi

Haftalar Qismlar	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
Kurs ishi rejasi
Kirish
Asosiy qism
Xulosa
Adabiyotlar
Ilovalar
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Tekshirish
Himoya
Topshirish

Rahbar:

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Part l
1.1 Methods and Procedures of Lexicological Analysis
1.2 Types of analysis in lexicology
Part ll
2.1 The results of the co-occurrence or distributional analysis may be of great help to teachers in preparation of teaching material
2.2 Method of Semantic Differential
Conclusion
References


INTRODUCTION
Growing interest in methods of study is one of the most symptomatic features of present-day linguistics.
The research methods used in lexicology have always been closely connected with the general trends in linguistics. The principles of comparative linguistics have played an important role in the development of a scientific approach to historical word study. They have brought an enormous increase in ordered and classified information about the English vocabulary in their proper perspective. The methods applied consisted in observation of speech, mostly written, collection and classification of data, hypotheses, and systematic statements. Particular stress was put on the refinement of methods for collecting and classifying facts. The study of vocabulary became scientific.
19th century scientific language study having recognized variety and change in language, comparative philology insisted on regarding the descriptive statements as subordinate, not worth making for their own sake. Its aim was to reconstruct the fundamental forms and meanings which have not come down to us. With the use of sets of phonetic correspondence philologists explored and proved genetic relationships between words in different languages. They rejected prescriptive trends characteristic of the previous stage. It was realized that the only basis for correctness is the usage of the native speakers of each language. They destroyed the myth of a Golden Age when all the words had their primary "correct" meaning and when the language was in a state of perfection from which it has deteriorated. It became clear from intensive work on the great historical dictionaries that multiple meaning for words is normal, not an "exception". Comparative studies showed that, save for specific technical terms, there are no two words in two languages that cover precisely the same area.
The process of scientific investigation may be subdivided into several stages:
Observation,Classification,Generalization
Due to these processes the certain classification of the methods of lexicological analysis has appeared.
Nowadays scientists distinguish:
Contrastive analysis,Statistical methods of analysis,Immediate Constituents analysis
Distributional analysis and co-occurrence,Transformational analysis
Componential analysis,Method of semantic differential, Contextual analysis
The detailed description of these methods will be shown further.

1. 
   Methods and Procedures of Lexicological Analysis
   

It is commonly recognised that acquaintance with at least some of the currently used procedures of linguistic investigation is of considerable importance both for language learners and for prospective teachers as it gives them the possibility to observe how linguists obtain answers to certain questions and is of help in the preparation of teaching material. It also helps language learners to become good observers of how language works and this is the only lasting way to become better users of language.
The process of scientific investigation may be subdivided into several stages.
1 Observation is an early and basic, phase of all modern scientific investigation, including linguistic, and is the centre of what is called the inductive method of inquiry.
2 The next stage after observation is classification or orderly arrangement of the data obtained through observation. For example, it is observed that in English nouns the suffixal morpheme -er is added to verbal stems (speak + -er, writ(e) + -er, etc.), noun stem’s (village + -er, London + -er, etc.), and that -er also occurs in non-derived words such as mother, father, etc. Accordingly all the nouns in -er may be classified into two types — derived and simple words and the derived words may be subdivided into two groups according to their stems. It should be pointed out that at this stage the application of different methods of analysis is common practice.1
3 The following stage is usually that of generalisation, i.e. the collection of data and their orderly arrangement must eventually lead to the formulation of< a generalisation or hypothesis, rule, or law.In our case we can formulate a rule that derived nouns in -er may have either verbal or noun stems. The suffix -er in combination with adjectival or adverbial stems cannot form nouns (cf. (to) dig — digger but big — bigger).
4 One of the fundamental tests of the validity of a generalisation is whether or not the generalisation is useful in making reliable predictions. For example, proceeding from the observation and generalisation discussed above we may ‘predict’ with a considerable degree of certainty that if a new word with a suffix -er appears in modern English and the suffix is added to a verbal stem, the word is a noun denoting an active doer (cf., e.g., the new words of the type (moon-)crawler, (moon-)walker (lunar-)rouer which appeared when the Soviet moon car was launched.1 Moreover we may predict if we make use of statistical analysis that such words are more likely to be coined than the other types of nouns with the -er suffix¹.
5 Any linguistic generalisation is to be followed by the verifуing process. Stated, simply, the linguist is required, as are other scientists, to seek verification of the generalisations that are the result of his inquiries. Here too, various procedures of linguistic analysis are commonly applied.
The methods and procedures briefly discussed below are as follows: 1. Contrastive analysis, 2. Statistical methods of analysis. 3. Immediate Constituents analysis, 4 Distributional analysis and co-occurrence, 5. Transformational analysis, 6. Componential analysis, 7. Method of semantic differential.
All methods of linguistic analysis are traditionally subdivided into formalised and non-formalised procedures.