The rocket – from east to west

---

Academic Reading sample task – Matching features 
 [Note: This is an extract from an Academic Reading passage on the development of 
rockets. The text preceding this extract explored the slow development of the rocket 
and explained the principle of propulsion.] 
 
The invention of rockets is linked inextricably with the invention of 'black powder'.
Most historians of technology credit the Chinese with its discovery. They base their 
belief on studies of Chinese writings or on the notebooks of early Europeans who 
settled in or made long visits to China to study its history and civilisation. It is 
probable that, some time in the tenth century, black powder was first compounded 
from its basic ingredients of saltpetre, charcoal and sulphur. But this does not mean 
that it was immediately used to propel rockets. By the thirteenth century, powder-
propelled fire arrows had become rather common. The Chinese relied on this type of 
technological development to produce incendiary projectiles of many sorts, explosive 
grenades and possibly cannons to repel their enemies. One such weapon was the 
'basket of fire' or, as directly translated from Chinese, the 'arrows like flying leopards'.
The 0.7 metre-long arrows, each with a long tube of gunpowder attached near the 
point of each arrow, could be fired from a long, octagonal-shaped basket at the same 
time and had a range of 400 paces. Another weapon was the 'arrow as a flying 
sabre', which could be fired from crossbows. The rocket, placed in a similar position 
to other rocket-propelled arrows, was designed to increase the range. A small iron 
weight was attached to the 1.5m bamboo shaft, just below the feathers, to increase 
the arrow's stability by moving the centre of gravity to a position below the rocket. At 
a similar time, the Arabs had developed the 'egg which moves and burns'. This 'egg' 
was apparently full of gunpowder and stabilised by a 1.5m tail. It was fired using two 
rockets attached to either side of this tail. 
It was not until the eighteenth century that Europe became seriously interested in the 
possibilities of using the rocket itself as a weapon of war and not just to propel other 
weapons. Prior to this, rockets were used only in pyrotechnic displays. The incentive 
for the more aggressive use of rockets came not from within the European continent 
but from far-away India, whose leaders had built up a corps of rocketeers and used 
rockets successfully against the British in the late eighteenth century. The Indian 
rockets used against the British were described by a British Captain serving in India 
as ‘an iron envelope about 200 millimetres long and 40 millimetres in diameter with 
sharp points at the top and a 3m-long bamboo guiding stick’. In the early nineteenth 
century the British began to experiment with incendiary barrage rockets. The British 
rocket differed from the Indian version in that it was completely encased in a stout, 
iron cylinder, terminating in a conical head, measuring one metre in diameter and 
having a stick almost five metres long and constructed in such a way that it could be 
firmly attached to the body of the rocket. The Americans developed a rocket, 
complete with its own launcher, to use against the Mexicans in the mid-nineteenth 
century. A long cylindrical tube was propped up by two sticks and fastened to the top 
of the launcher, thereby allowing the rockets to be inserted and lit from the other end.
However, the results were sometimes not that impressive as the behaviour of the 
rockets in flight was less than predictable. 

---

Academic Reading sample task – Matching features 
Questions 7 – 10 
 
Look at the following items (Questions 7-10) and the list of groups below. 
 
Match each item with the group which first invented or used them. 
 
Write the correct letter A-E in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet. 
NB 
You may use any letter more than once. 
7 black 
powder 
 
8 
rocket-propelled arrows for fighting 
 
9 
rockets as war weapons 
 
10 
the rocket launcher 
 
First invented or used by 
 
A 
the Chinese 
B 
the Indians 
C the 
British 
D the 
Arabs 
E the 
Americans 

---

Academic Reading sample task – Matching features 
Answers: 
 
7 
A 
8 
A 
9 
B 
10 
E