1. about the subject

History and its connection with other sciences


Subjects of history. The fact that history covers chronologically long period and the whole world without exception from a geographical point of view, and that it is very rich for the subject of research, has led to specialization within this field.
The chronology of history is not as stable as it seems at first glance. It is always changing. This applies both to the left, that is, up to the beginning of history, and to the right, that is, to the expansion of history due to the past weeks, months, years.
Until the 19th century, history began chronologically, from ancient Greece. However, the excavations carried out in Herkulanum, Pompey and Pestum cities respectively in 1711, 1748 and 1750 which buried under volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79 became a turning point in the history. But it did not end with it.
With the discovery of ancient human settlements, the beginning of the history reached 600-800 thousand years ago, and now it is 2-2.5 million years ago. It is impossible to conclude that it is the starting date of the world. As a result of the continuous development, whatever is present becomes the past in history and its right limit increases.

The geographical scope of the history was also limited in the beginning, and then it covered the whole world, and in the literal sense, development of a universal history launched.

The subject matter of history has also expanded beyond narrow boundaries. History, which at first studied only political events, now covers hundreds of fields (economic history, military history, etc.).
At present, the fields of science studying ancient, medieval, new and modern histories have become independent.
Archeology and ethnography occupy an important place among historical sciences.

Special scientific fields have also been created to assist in the study of history. They can be divided into two groups. The first group (source studies, diplomacy, sigillography (or sphragistics), paleography, epigraphy, numismatics, heraldry, etc.) mainly examines the tools and techniques of studying various historical sources.

Source study deals with the historical sources. Diplomacy deals with deeds. Sigillography (or sphragistics) examines seals and helps to trace the formation and development of ancient state institutions and bodies. Paleography deals with the history of writing, its graphic forms and development process. Epigraphy studies the writings on buildings, tombs, etc. numismatics deals with coins, orders, medals, badges, and samples of this type. Heraldry studies emblems and other symbols.

The second group (chronology, genealogy, onomastics, etc.) deals with more general issues.

Chronology studies the calculation system of years in different nations at different times and the methods of their conversion into modern calculations. Genealogy identifies generations, surnames, as well as individuals and their blood relations.

Onomastics studies the names of individuals. It is divided into two scientific fields: toponymy and anthroponymy.

In addition, there are textual criticism, archive science and other special sciences.
Those who work in the field of specific historical sciences, in addition to fulfilling the tasks assigned to them, are also directly involved in the study of history.
The interconnection of history with other subjects. History collaborates with both the humanitarian and non-humanitarian sciences to achieve the goals and objectives it has set for. History, philology, sociology, psychology, etc. such as humanities, chemistry, mathematics, etc. such as collaborating with non-humanitarian sciences to study the subject in more detail.
The collaboration of history with other sciences has gradually deepened and led to the emergence of new disciplines: historical geography, historical demography, historical bibliography, and so on. It is ignorant.
History also influences and enriches other sciences.