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Cosmological models of the universe



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ELS (English Language Studies)

Cosmological models of the universe

  1. are based on unquestionable facts and are always extremely accurate

  2. are changed whenever new information shows them to be wrong

  3. show us exactly what the universe looks like from any perspective

  4. often contradict each other and cause much debate among scientists

  5. give us a clear and unchanging picture of the exact nature of the universe

  1. One of the bases of the cosmological principle is that

  1. people who live near the edge of the universe see things in a very different way

  2. the universe is essentially an irregular body held together by a few common laws

  3. the Earth is at the centre of the universe, and thus, the most important thing

  4. contradictions to models of the universe are in violation of the laws of physics

  5. regardless of where a person may be, the universe looks much the same

  1. Cosmologists believe that

  1. the infinite nature of the universe can be explained with geometry

  2. space is either endless or has some special geometric properties

  3. the universe, as we know it, is continually shrinking

  4. whatever the nature of the universe, our role in it doesn't really matter

  5. it's difficult to define the universe as it's constantly getting larger



193 OWNER OF A SAMURAI ARMY
He was a novelist who had his own samurai army, and he was an intellectual who worked at body-building. The brilliant Japanese writer Yukio Mishima was a man torn between Japanese tradition and the westernization of his culture. He was born as Hiraoka Kimitake on January 14, 1925, in Tokyo, but as an adult, he published under the name Yukio Mishima. He attended Tokyo's Peers School and the University of Tokyo. Mishima's writing career took off with the 1949 publication of his first novel, Confessions of a Mask. A man of discipline and great energy, he usually wrote from midnight until dawn, and in his lifetime, produced more than 100 works, including novels, short stories, screenplays and traditional Japanese No and Kabuki plays. He even starred in a film version of his own short story, "Patriotism". One of his best-known novels is The Temple of the Golden Pavilion, published in 1958. Although Mishima enjoyed many benefits from the westernization of Japan, he was troubled by the changes wrought on traditional Japanese ways, which was a common theme in his stories. His last work, Sea of Fertility, compares modern Japan to the barren landscape of the moon. In an effort to recapture the samurai tradition, Mishima organized a private army called the Shield Society. On November 25, 1970, Mishima and four society members took control of an office at military headquarters in Tokyo. He gave a speech attacking Japan's post-World War II constitution and then committed suicide.


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