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Following Rousseau's opinion, we can say that



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ELS (English Language Studies)

Following Rousseau's opinion, we can say that

  1. children should only be allowed to develop the abilities they are born with

  2. evildoers are not born with their bad qualities but learn them through social institutions

  3. schools and other educational facilities are the worst social institutions

  4. there should definitely be no formal education or schools for children

  5. children are born fully developed intellectually, physically, and emotionally

  1. Rousseau believed that, once a child reaches the age of about 12, he

  1. may start studying the natural world, which offers him firsthand experience

  2. should start reading books, but alone, not with a teacher

  3. should be ready to start using his powers of reason for more abstract things

  4. is old enough to be sent to a formal school and be taught abstract knowledge

  5. will naturally know almost everything he needs to know

  1. We can conclude that, according to Rousseau's ideology, a child should be taught by

  1. teachers who have little interest in children's development

  2. teachers who have a lot of personal experience and knowledge

  3. teachers who will allow him to discover things for himself

  4. other children in the same situation, and not by adults at all

  5. teachers who specialize in physical education and nothing else



96 ROMANTICISM
If one term can be used to describe the forces that have shaped the modern world, it is Romanticism. Romanticism had a dynamic impact on art, literature, science, religion, economics, politics, and the individual's understanding of self. There is no single commonly accepted definition of Romanticism, but it has some features upon which there is general agreement. First of all, it was a rejection of the Enlightenment and its emphasis upon human reason. The Enlightenment thinkers asserted that the world of nature is rationally ordered and that human reason, therefore, can analyze, understand, and use it. On the basis of this understanding, a rational society can be constructed. These were ideas that were almost totally opposed by Romantics. Romanticism did not appear suddenly. If a date were to be chosen, however, 1774 would be a useful one. It was the year of the publication of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Sorrows of Werther, a novel about a young man who is so disappointed in love that he kills himself. This fictional suicide brought on many real ones as the novel's vogue swept across Europe.


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