The Making of a Holiday
Few celebrations marked the voyage of Columbus
until hundreds of years later. In 1792, a ceremony was
held in New York honoring Columbus, and a monument
was dedicated to him. Soon afterward, the city of Wash-
ington was officially named the District of Columbia,
and made the capital of the United States. In the next
century, statues, streets, rivers, and cities were named for
Columbus. The Columbian Exposition in Chicago in
1892 displayed replicas of Columbus’s three ships.
Columbus Day became a holiday, due in part to the
efforts of Italians in New York City and elsewhere. Out
of pride for their “native son,” a group of New York
Italians organized the first celebration of “The Discov-
ery of America” on October 12, 1866. In following
years, Italians in other cities held similar events with
banquets, parades, and dances. In 1869, San Francisco
Italians celebrated October 12, and called it “Columbus
Day.” President Franklin Roosevelt officially proclaimed
October 12 as Columbus Day in 1937. Now, it is cele-
brated on the second Monday in October, allowing for
a long holiday weekend.
In recent decades Columbus Day has generated
much controversy. Native American groups and others
began to speak out against the claim that Columbus
had discovered America. They proposed that Native
Americans, not Columbus, should be recognized as the
first and true discoverers of America. They felt that in
the spirit of reconciliation the day should celebrate Na-
tive Americans. People petitioned their state and local
governments to establish an official Native American
Day holiday, or to replace Columbus Day with Native
American Day. As a result, in schools across the coun-
try, Columbus Day curricula began to include informa-
tion on Native Americans, and on the impact of Euro-
pean contact. Some states now call the holiday by the
dual name, Columbus Day/Native American Day. Oth-
er states have established a separate Native American
Day holiday. The state of South Dakota has officially
replaced Columbus Day with Native American Day in
recognition of indigenous people.
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