4-Amaliy ish fan: algoritimlarni loyihalash

Amaliy topshirig‘i. Berilgan masalani yechish uchun algoritm va mos dasturni ishlab chiqing. Algoritmni blok-sxema shaklida ifodalang va zarur bo‘lsa algoritmik dekompozitsiyani amalga oshiring. Zarur hollarda qism masalalarni yechish uchun qism dasturlardan foydalaning.
Dastur namunasi. Biz quyida namuna sifatida graf uchun minimal narxli daraxt skeletini qurish bilan bog‘liq masalani qaraymiz. Masalani Kruskal va Primo usullari yordamida yechish algoritmini (psevdokod shaklida) ishlab chiqamiz va uni C++ tilidagi dasturga o‘tkazamiz.
Amaliy topshirig‘i sharti. Quyida tasvirlangan graf uchun minimal narxli daraxt skeletini qurish usullaridan Kruskal usuli yordamida yechilsin va dasturini tuzilsin.

Masalani yechish algoritmi (Kruskal usuli): Kruskal algoritmining bajaralishi quyidagicha amalaga oshiriladi.

Quyida Kruskal algoritmidan foydalangan holda MSTni topish bo'yicha qadamlar keltirilgan

1. 
   Barcha qirralarni vaznining o’sish tartibida saralash.
   
2. 
   Eng kichik tugunni tanlang. Hozirgacha shakllangan daraxt bilan sikl hosil qiladimi yoki yo'qligini tekshirib ko'ring. Agar sikl shakllanmagan bo'lsa, ushbu tugunni kiriting. Boshqalari, tashlab yuboring.
   
3. 
   Yopilgan daraxtda (V-1) qirralar bo'lguncha # 2-bosqichni takrorlang.
   

STL yordamida Kruskal algoritmini amalga oshirishda biz uchun foydali bo'lgan ba'zi bir muhim fikrlar.

1. 
   Grafadagi barcha qirralardan iborat qirralarning vektoridan foydalaning va vektorning har bir elementi uchta parametrni o'z ichiga oladi: manba, manzil va manba va manzil orasidagi tugun narxi.
   

vector
> > edges;

2. 
   Bu erda tashqi juftlikda (ya'ni juftlik >) birinchi element tugun narxiga to'g'ri keladi, ikkinchi element o'zi juft bo'lib, u tugunning ikkita tepasini o'z ichiga oladi.
   
3. 
   Qirralarni o’sish tartibda saralash uchun ichki std :: sort dan foydalaning ; 
   
4. 
   Birlashma topish algoritmidan foydalanamiz, agar u joriy tugun MSTga qo'shilsa, sikl hosil qiladimi. Agar ha rad etsa, uni qo'shib qo'ying (birlashma).
   

Ushbu algoritm O (M log N + N2) vaqtda bajariladi. Qirralarni saralash uchun O(M logN) ta operasiya kerak bo’ladi. Tugun u yoki bu qism daraxtga tegishli bo‘lsa, tree_id massiv yordamida saqlanadi, bu massivda har bir tugun uchun u tegishli bo‘lgan daraxt nomeri saqlanadi. Har bir qirra uchun O(1) vaqtda uning tugunlari turli daraxtlarga tegishli ekanligini aniqlanadi. Nihoyat, ikkita daraxtni birlashtirish O (N) vaqtda bajariladi. Birlashtirish operatori O(N) o‘tishda bajarilishini hisobga olsak, O (M log N + N2) kelib chiqadi.

Dastur ko‘rinishi quyidagicha bo’ladi:

#include

using namespace std;
// Creating shortcut for an integer pair
typedef pair iPair;
// Structure to represent a graph
struct Graph
{
int V, E;
vector< pair > edges;
// Constructor
Graph(int V, int E)
{
this->V = V;
this->E = E;
}
// Utility function to add an edge
void addEdge(int u, int v, int w)
{
edges.push_back({w, {u, v}});
}
// Function to find MST using Kruskal's
// MST algorithm
int kruskalMST();
};
// To represent Disjoint Sets
struct DisjointSets
{
int *parent, *rnk;
int n;
// Constructor.
DisjointSets(int n)
{
// Allocate memory
this->n = n;
parent = new int[n+1];
rnk = new int[n+1];
// Initially, all vertices are in
// different sets and have rank 0.
for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++)
{
rnk[i] = 0;
//every element is parent of itself
parent[i] = i;
}
}
// Find the parent of a node 'u'
// Path Compression
int find(int u)
{
/* Make the parent of the nodes in the path
from u--> parent[u] point to parent[u] */
if (u != parent[u])
parent[u] = find(parent[u]);
return parent[u];
}
// Union by rank
void merge(int x, int y)
{
x = find(x), y = find(y);
/* Make tree with smaller height
a subtree of the other tree */
if (rnk[x] > rnk[y])
parent[y] = x;
else // If rnk[x] <= rnk[y]
parent[x] = y;
if (rnk[x] == rnk[y])
rnk[y]++;
}
};
/* Functions returns weight of the MST*/
int Graph::kruskalMST()
{
int mst_wt = 0; // Initialize result
// Sort edges in increasing order on basis of cost
sort(edges.begin(), edges.end());
// Create disjoint sets
DisjointSets ds(V);
// Iterate through all sorted edges
vector< pair >::iterator it;
for (it=edges.begin(); it!=edges.end(); it++)
{
int u = it->second.first;
int v = it->second.second;
int set_u = ds.find(u);
int set_v = ds.find(v);
// Check if the selected edge is creating
// a cycle or not (Cycle is created if u
// and v belong to same set)
if (set_u != set_v)
{
// Current edge will be in the MST
// so print it
cout << u << " - " << v << endl;
// Update MST weight
mst_wt += it->first;
// Merge two sets
ds.merge(set_u, set_v);
}
}
return mst_wt;
}
// Driver program to test above functions
int main()
{
/* Let us create above shown weighted
and unidrected graph */
int V = 9, E = 14;
Graph g(V, E);
// making above shown graph
g.addEdge(0, 7, 8);
g.addEdge(0, 1, 4);
g.addEdge(1, 2, 8);
g.addEdge(2, 6, 13);
g.addEdge(2, 3, 7);
g.addEdge(2, 8, 2);
g.addEdge(2, 5, 4);
g.addEdge(3, 4, 5);
g.addEdge(3, 5, 14);
g.addEdge(4, 5, 10);
g.addEdge(5, 6, 2);
g.addEdge(6, 7, 1);
g.addEdge(6, 8, 6);
g.addEdge(7, 8, 7);
cout << "Edges of MST are \n";
int mst_wt = g.kruskalMST();
cout << "\nWeight of MST is " << mst_wt;
return 0;
}