Manhattan Prep - 5 Lb. Book of Gre Practice Problems 1,800 Practice Problems in Book and Online (Manhattan Prep 5 lb Series (2019 Edition))-Manhattan Prep (2019)
Questions 61–62 are based on the following reading passage. The Tokugawa period (1603–1867) in Japan serves as a laboratory
for organizational
behavior historians for the same reason that Iceland works for geneticists
—isolation removes
extraneous variables. The Tokugawa shoguns brought peace to a land of
warring feudal lords.
To preserve that tranquility, the Tokugawa shogunate forbade contact
with the outside world,
5 allowing only a few Dutch trading ships to dock at one restricted
port. Domestically, in pursuit
of the same goal, the social order was fixed; there were four classes—
warriors [samurai],
artisans, merchants, and farmers or peasants—and social mobility was
prohibited. The ensuing
stability and peace brought a commercial prosperity that lasted nearly
two hundred years.
However, as psychologists, social historians, and Biblical prophets
have all observed, in
10 varying ways, humans inevitably fail to anticipate unintended
consequences. In the Tokugawa
period, the fixed social hierarchy placed the samurai on top; they and the
government were
essentially supported by levies on the peasantry, as the other two classes
were demographically
and economically inconsequential. However, prosperity brought riches
to the commercial classes
and their numbers burgeoned. Eventually, their economic power dwarfed
that of their supposed
15 superiors, the samurai. Simultaneously, the increasing impoverishment
of the samurai adversely
affected the finances of the peasantry and the government. By the early
19th century, this
imbalance between social structure and economic reality eroded the
stability of the society. This
condition, in conjunction with increasing pressure for access from
foreigners, such as Admiral
Perry in 1853, led to the collapse of the shogunate in 1867. In short, the
success of this imposed
20 order led to its undoing through consequences that were beyond
the ken of the founders.
61. The primary objective of the passage is to
(A)
compare the Tokugawa period to modern Iceland
(B)
demonstrate the folly of imposing a social order
(C)
show how American naval power ended Japan’s isolation
(D)
illustrate how a society can model a common human failing
(E)
argue that commerce is more successful than militarization
62. Which of the following would provide further support for the main reason
cited for the decline of the Tokugawa period?
(A)
A samurai becomes a successful merchant.
(B)
A successful artisan becomes a samurai.
(C)
A samurai must work as a bodyguard for an artisan.
(D)
A severe drought causes widespread famine.
(E)
A military invasion by American marines occurs.