Questions 73–76 are based on the following reading passage.
A dictionary definition of the term “political” might read something
like, “of or concerned
with government, political parties, or politicians.” Such a definition is
not precisely wrong, but
rather is outdated and falls short by not accounting for what Nancy
Fraser calls “the shift from a
repressive model of domination to a hegemonic one.” If at some point
we believed governments
5 to operate exclusively through law and the threat and enforcement of
concrete punishment, such
as imprisonment, monetary penalties, etc., and called this and everything
that directly influenced
it “politics,” we have now acknowledged the role of hegemony, which
legitimizes law and
supports the exercise of power.
This is significant because, under the first definition, the only
cultural products that can be
10 said to be political must explicitly address issues of political
partisanship or governance, while
under the second definition, all cultural objects can be traced to a certain
ideology—in accordance,
negotiation, or opposition to hegemony—and therefore be political.
But we do not feel that we are discussing politics or viewing politics
all the time, even if
we are, according to our definition of “the political.” This is because
even if all subject matter is
15 (at least potentially) political, not all talk is so. When conducting her
study on political talk, Nina
Eliasoph focused not as much on what people talked about, but rather on
how exactly they talked
about things: “whether speakers ever assume that what they say matters
for someone other than
themselves, ever assume that they are speaking in front of a wider
backdrop.” She cited Hanna
Pitkin in concluding that “public-spirited conversation happens when
citizens speak in terms of
20 ‘justice’.” To use an example from the theater, then, we can say that
when a director decides to
frame her production of
A Streetcar Named Desire
as the story of a
woman who is losing her mind
and does not get along with her aggressive brother-in-law, she is actively
depoliticizing the story,
whereas she is actively politicizing it if she decides to frame the
narrative as one example of the
devastating effects of an old bourgeois morality, a changing economic
system, and the social
25 valuing of an abusive model of masculinity.
73. The second paragraph of the passage serves to
(A)
offer an alternative to the definitions previously presented
(B)
discuss a revision of the definitions previously presented
(C)
delineate the distinction between the definitions previously
presented
(D)
delineate an exception to the definitions previously presented
(E)
describe the inadequacy of the definitions previously presented
74. The author cites
A Streetcar Named Desire
(line 21) in order to
(A)
provide a counterpoint to the thesis of the passage
(B)
illustrate an aspect of the subject under discussion
(C)
advocate politicizing a work of art
(D)
illustrate the universality of politics
(E)
illustrate a fallacy of a definition
75. According to a theory presented in the passage, a person is engaging in
public interest conversation if that person discusses which of the
following?
(A)
Justice
(B)
Theater
(C)
Sexism
(D)
Economics
(E)
Politicians
76. Select a sentence from the first or second paragraph that levels an explicit
criticism.
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