Questions 145–147 are based on the following reading passage.
The goal of a sunscreen chemical is simple—to prevent harmful
UVB (and in some cases
UVA) radiation from penetrating the skin. There are two main ways in
which this goal can be
accomplished—by reflecting (physically blocking) ultraviolet light or by
absorbing UV light.
Sunscreen chemicals are therefore put into two groups based on which
method they employ;
5 they are classified as either
physical blockers
or
chemical absorbers
.
Physical blockers, the most
common of which is titanium dioxide, scatter all radiation in the UVB
and UVA range. Titanium
dioxide reflects light waves in the 290–770 nm range. However, the vast
majority of commercial
sunscreens are chemical absorbers.
Chemical absorbing sunscreens work on the principle of photo-
excitation of electrons. They
10 absorb photons of light of specific wavelengths and use the energy to
promote electrons between
energy levels. When the electrons later return to the ground energy state,
they emit light at longer
wavelengths (lower energies). Chemical species that exhibit this
behavior are called chromophores.
The specific wavelength absorbed by a given chromophore is
determined by the discrete
quantal amounts of energy that are required to excite electrons between
the energy levels or its
15 molecules. Since the primary objective of an absorbing sunscreen is to
absorb UVB light (290–320
nm), the best sunscreens are those that absorb most heavily in this range.
The chromophores that
most readily fit this requirement are those with
conjugated pi-bonding systems.
145. Which of the following best summarizes the distinction between physical
blockers and chemical absorbers?
(A)
Physical blockers darken their target light waves while chemical
absorbers lighten them.
(B)
Physical blockers convert their target light waves into radiation
while chemical absorbers convert them into a different kind of
radiation.
(C)
Physical blockers disperse their target light waves while chemical
absorbers convert them into light with a longer wavelength.
(D)
Physical blockers scatter their target light waves while chemical
absorbers convert them into radiation.
(E)
Physical blockers prevent light waves from reaching the skin while
chemical absorbers absorb them into the skin.
146. Based on the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the
chromophores referred to in the final sentence of the passage?
(A)
If exposed to light with wavelengths of approximately 300 nm,
they will scatter the radiation.
(B)
If exposed to light with wavelengths in the 290–320 nm range,
they will lower the energy level of some of their constituent
electrons.
(C)
If exposed to light waves in the 290–770 nm range, they will
absorb the photons and emit them as light of longer wavelengths.
(D)
If exposed to light with wavelengths of approximately 300 nm,
some electrons in their component molecules will switch to higher
energy levels.
(E)
If exposed to light waves in the 290–320 nm range, they will
promote the discrete quantal amounts of energy that are required to
excite electrons between energy levels.
147. Select the sentence in the second paragraph that explains the physical
feature on the basis of which one could select a chromophore for a
sunscreen that would protect against UVA radiation.
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