20% increase.
Use the percent change formula:
Percent Change =
%
Percent Change =
% =
% = (0.2 ×
100)% = 20%
11.
90.
Because 30% less than
x
is the same as 70% of
x
, translate as follows:
0.7
x
= 63. Use the calculator to get
x
= 90. Alternatively, solve on paper:
x
= 63
x
= (63)
x
= (9)(10)
x
= 90
12.
138.
Translate into decimals (for the percents, move the decimal two
places to the left) and use the calculator to solve:
x
= 2.3(0.15)(400)
x
= 138
Alternatively, translate into fractions and solve on paper:
13.
50.
The left-hand side of the equation is given: 45% of 80 is (0.45)(80) =
36. The problem then becomes: “36 is
x
% more than 24.” From this step,
there are two possible approaches.
One approach is to translate the equation and solve:
Alternatively, the increase (36 – 24) is 12, so rephrase the statement as “12 is
x
% of 24.” Recognizing that 12 is half of 24,
x
must be 50. Or, translate and
solve:
14.
400.
Translate as decimals and use the calculator to solve, keeping in
mind that taking 200% of a number is the same as doubling it, or multiplying
by 2:
0.10(0.30)
x
= 2(6)
0.03
x
= 12
x
= 400
Alternatively, translate as fractions and solve on paper:
x
= 2(6)
x
= 12
x
= 400
15.
80.
The question already contains a variable (
y
). Use another variable to
represent the desired value. Represent “what” with the variable
x
, and isolate
x
to solve. Notice that by the end, the
y
variables cancel out:
At this point, there are
many
options for simplifying, but do simplify before
multiplying anything. Here is one way to simplify:
16.
16.
200% of 4% is the same as 2 × 4% (note that 200% equals the plain
number 2), or 8%. Rephrase the question as “8% of
a
is what percent of
?”
Without translating to an equation, this can be simplified by multiplying both
sides of the “equation” by 2 (remember that “is” means “equals”):
8% of
a
is what percent of
?
16% of
a
is what percent of
a
?
Thus, the answer is 16.
Alternatively, translate the words into math:
17.
144.
If
m
were increased by 20%, decreased by 25%, and then increased
by 60%, it would be multiplied by 1.2, then 0.75, then 1.6. Since (1.2)(0.75)
(1.6) = 1.44, doing these manipulations is the same as increasing by 44%, or
taking 144% of a number (this is true regardless of the value of
m
).
Alternatively, pick a real value for
m
. Because this is a percent problem, 100
is a good number to pick. First, 100 is increased by 20%: (100)(1.2) = 120.
Next, 120 is decreased by 25%, which is the same as multiplying by 75%:
(120)(0.75) = 90. Finally, 90 is increased by 60%: (90)(1.6) = 144. The new
number is 144 and the starting number was 100, so the new number is
% of the original number, or 144%.
18.
(A).
Say the item costs $100. After the first 10% discount, the item costs
$90. After the second, the item costs $81 (the new discount is only $9, or 10%
of 90). After the third discount, the item costs $81 – $8.10 = $72.90. What is
the trend here? The cost goes down with each discount, yes, but the discount
itself also gets smaller each time; it is only a $10 discount the very first time.
The total of the five discounts, then, will be less than $50.
If the item costs $100 to start, then the value for Quantity B will be $50, or a
total discount of $50. This is greater than the total discount described for
Quantity A.
Finally, make sure to answer (A) for the higher price—don’t accidentally pick
(B) for the “better deal”!
19.
(E).
1% of $450 is $4.50, so 0.5% is $2.25. That’s the amount Raymond
pays back every week. Because he has paid back $18 in total, divide 18 by
2.25 to determine the total number of payments:
= 8.
So Raymond has made 8 payments, once every 7 days. The payments
themselves spread over only a 7-week period (in the same way that 2
payments spread over only a 1-week period). Raymond waited 1 week to
begin repayment, however, so a total of 8 weeks, or 56 days, have passed
since he borrowed the money.
20.
(A).
The number of parts in inventory first decreased by 50%, then
increased by 50%. If the initial number of parts in inventory was
x
, the
number after both shipments was
x
(0.50)(1.5) = 0.75
x
. The number of parts
after the shipments was 75% of the number before, which is fewer. Quantity
A is greater.
Alternatively, choose a smart number to test. If
x
= 100, then the inventory
first decreased to 50, and then increased from 50 to 75. Quantity A is 100 and
Quantity B is 75.
Finally, it is possible to solve this question using logic. The 50% decrease is
taken as a percent of the original number. The 50% increase, however, is
taken as a percent of the new,
smaller
number. The increase, therefore, must
be smaller than the decrease, making the final value smaller than the original.
21.
(B).
To reduce $200,000 by 40%, multiply by 0.6 (reducing by 40% is the
same as keeping 60%): $200,000(0.6) = $120,000.
To reduce $120,000 by 20%, multiply by 0.8 (reducing by 20% is the same as
keeping 80%): $120,000(0.8) = $96,000. Quantity B is greater.
22.
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