Aboobakker siddhuique darul huda islamic university kerala, india

161^ www.milligazette.com/news/4789-qazi-c-m-abdulla-maulavi

162^ www.milligazette.com/news/4789-qazi-c-m-abdulla-maulavi

163^ C.M Usthad memorial book, p.n.364

164^ Smaraga grantham p.n.367

165^The famous Urdu poet, wrote many Urdu poems,

166^ It is a detailed essay about Qibla finding and astronomy.

167^ From the beginning of 17th century, a new type of poetical composition developed in Malabar in a pidgin called Arabia-Malayalam. Though Mappilas's mother tongue was Malayalam, it was generally felt to be an un-Islamic language and hence unsuitable as a medium for Islamic propaganda. Around 6000works have been composed in Arabia-Malayalam dialect. Out of this a 1000 might have been put to print. The concern of authors expressed in this literature, spanned a wide range of issues but majority of which was religious in nature(KKM Karīm, "Arabi-Malayala Sahityam", Prabhodanam, 1998, pp.7983)

168^ It is the branch of knowledge; it is used to find the exact times of prayer, fasting, and other Islamic activities. The astronomical studies of C.M Usthad, p.n.29

169^ 1/16/17 C.M Abdulla Moulav i – Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.M _Abdulla_Moulav i 3/5

170^ He is one of the great scholar in Shafi school, he was born in Abu Haitam in Egypt in AD: 1504(H: 909).demised in Makah, at 974 H, AD: 1567- feb-3.

171^ Manjakulam Mala, p.94, Badar Mala, p.55 and Nafeesath Mala, p.84 in Moulid

Malayalam, Ashrafi Book Centre, Tirurangadi, 2000.181)

172^ There are many works in Arabi- Malayalam belongs to the genre called Malapattus, which signified a Mappila literary style. These were otherwise known as Nerchapattus. These were also known as Sabeenapattukal as it was sung in the night.30 All these Malapattus were eulogies of Islamic divinities and were appended with intercessionary prayers called 'Iravu' and certain malas like Nafeesath mala have got two Iravus.. Itwas believed that collective recital of such works would bring about miracles

In life. These Malas were recited in times of trouble as these poems address not the problems of the other world but of this world itself.( Chapter IV print and the imagined community of mappilas,p.n.179-181)

173^ Moulid yugandarangalude anuraga mudragal, Ja’far Hudawi Kolathur, published in souvenir published following the 60^th annversary of SYS, 2014-feb.

174^ The term of writing Malayalam in Arabic alphabets, there are historical works written in this model

175^ A Sunni publication, publishing the works related to current affairs and Islāmic works. It was founded by the supervision of Samamstha.

176^ A branch of science developed by Muslim astronomers to find proper positions of Qibla ,exact time of prayers basing the movements of sun, C.M Usthādinte gola shastra padanangal(mal),(astronomical studies of C.M Usthad),p.n.39.

177^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.M _Abdulla_Moulav i

178^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.M _«dulla_Moulav i

179^ C.M Usthad: the revolutionary leader of Malabar. p.n.10

180^ A book about astronomy written in Arabic.

181^ An important referring book in Islāmic astronomy.

182^ C.M Usthād: revolutionary leader of North Malabar. P.n.137-144.

183^ Three improtant Arabic books discussing about mathematics and astronomy, in dars theses books are being taught for higher class, or graduating students.

184^ A tool used to find Qibla; this is another type of compass, which was used mostly during the voyages to find destinations. The positions defined by tawakka may be change according to the geographical variations, so C.M Usthād had written a book about how to find Qiblā by using these tools. (C.M Usthādinde Golashastra Padanagal, p.n.32.)

185^ This is also another tool used in ilm al miqath, to find the exact position of Qiblā.

186^ C.M Usthādinte Golashastra Padanaga (mal) (Astronomical studies of C.M Usthad), p.n.21-22.

187^Ibid, p.n.21

188^ Ibid.

189^ The Encyclopedia of Islam, new ed. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960- ), 5:82-83. For more information on the sacred direction in medieval Islam, see David A. King's monograph titled The World about the Ka’ba: a Study of the Sacred Direction in Medieval Islam, to be published by IslāmicArt Publications.)

190^ Ibid.

191^ Inspired science: methods for finding the qibla inthe medieval Islāmic tradition. Jan P. Hogendijk. Department of Mathematics, Utrecht, Netherlands / KFUPM, April 17, 2012.

192^ Since the second year of the Hijra (624 CE), the qibla (direction of prayer) in Islam has been towards the Kaʿba in Makkah. (Inspired science: methods for finding the qibla in the medieval Islāmic tradition. Jan P. Hogendijk, Department of Mathematics, Utrecht, Netherlands / KFUPM, April 17, 2012)

( http://www.jphogendijk.nl/talks/main.html)

193^ Islāmic astronomy played a significant role in the revival of Byzantine and European astronomy following the loss ofknowledge during the early medieval period, notably with the production of Latin translations of Arābic works during the 12^th century. Islāmic astronomy also had an influence on Chinese astronomy, and Malian astronomy. A significant number of stars in the sky, such as Aldebaran, Altair and Deneb, and astronomical terms such as alidade, azimuth, and nadir, are still referred to by their Arābic names. A large corpus of literature from Islāmic astronomy remains today, numbering approximately 10,000 manuscriptsscattered throughout the world, many of which have not been read or catalogued. Even so, a reasonablyaccurate picture of Islāmic activity in the field of astronomy can be reconstructed.For more details see.( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islāmic_astronomy 19/04/38)

194^ One of the greatest Islāmic astronomers was al-Khwārizmi (Abu Ja'farMuhammad ibn Mūsa Al-Khwarizmi), who lived in the 9th century and was the inventor of algebra. He developed this mathematical device completely in words, not mathematical expressions, but based the system on the Indian numbers borrowed by the Arabs (what we today call Arābic numerals). His work was translated into Latin hundreds of years later, and served as the European introduction to the Indian number system, complete with its concept of zero. Al-Khwārizmi performed detailed calculations of the positions of the Sun, Moon, and planets, and did a number of eclipse calculations. He constructed a table of the latitudes and longitudes of 2,402 cities and landmarks, forming the basis of an early world map. ( http://www.starteachastronomy.com/arab.html 19/04/38)

195


^ He was sei’te scholar. See, Islāmic Philosophy, Siddhique Muhammed, p.n.130.

196^ Omar Khayyām (Ghiyāth al-Din Abu'l-Fath Umar ibn Ibrāhim al-Nisabūri al-Khayyāmi) was agreat Persian scientist, philosopher, and poet who lived from1048-1131. He compiled many astronomical

Tables performed a reformationof the calendar that was more accurate than the Julian was, and came close to the Gregorian. An amazing feat was his calculation of the year to be 365.24219858156 days long, which is accurate to the 6th decimal place!(http://www.starteachastronomy.com/arab.html 19/04/38)

197


^ (Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghāni). In the late9th century, he wrote extensively on the motion of celestial bodies. Like most Islāmic astronomers, he accepted the Ptolemaic model of the universe, and waspartially responsible for spreading Ptolemaic astronomy not only in the Islāmicworld but also throughout Europe. In the 12th century, his works were translatedinto Latin, and it is said that Dante got his astronomical knowledge from al-Farghāni's books.

( http://www.starteachastronomy.com/arab.html 19/04/38)

198^ Astronomical studies of C.M Usthad, p.n.40.

199^ Astronomical studies of C.M Usthad, p.n.10.

200^ https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Chalilakath_Kunahmed_Haji&oldid=690852821

201^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalilakath_Kunahmed_Haji

202

203^ Ibid.

204^C.M Ustahadinten gola shastra Padanangal (mal), Moin Malayamma Hudawi, p.n.15.

205^ Astronomical studies of Chalilakath, p.n.16

206^ He takes rest in Puthiyathura in Kozhikode.

207^ Who was born in Chaliyam, when the Qibla dispute was very hot in 1302.was younger and did not participate the debate.

208^ Takes rest in Kasaragod Thalangara.

209^ He was colleage of C.M Usthad.

210^ From him C.M Usthad studied the astronomy and science of Qibla determination.

211^ Astronomical studies of C.M Usthad p.n.30-31

212^ Astronomical studies of C.M Usthad p.n.5

213^ He was born in Poland (AD: 1473-1543). He brought many revolutioalny changes in this field; he opposed the idea of Aristotle and Ptolamy about astronomy. In his time the people belived in the geocentric system of astronomy,(according to this, all planets, suns, etc are rotating around the earth and earth is the centre of universe, this was the idea of Christianity, then with the coming of Copper Nicus he introduced that the heliocentric system in which sun is the centre of universe and ,every thing in the universe like planets, earth,etc rotating around the sun, so the earth need 24 hours to cover the sun by rotating on its own axis thus day and nights occurs).

214^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.M _Abdulla_Moulav i

215^ Astronomical works of C.M Usthad. P.n.29-30.

216^ The astronomical studies of C.M Abdulla Moulwi p.n.29

217^ Astronomy of Islāmic times by Mohammed Ilays.

218^ Ibid.

219^ This is numeral system, used by Arabs to count in early periods.

220^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.M _Abdulla_Moulav i

221^ Astronomical studies of C.M Usthad p.n.32.

222^ C.M Usthad revolutionary leader of Malabar, p.n.23