Academic/General Training Module by Adam Smith First Published in 2015

Models 
A Colonization C Convergence 
B Divergence D Replacement
  
Questions 33-36
Several aspects of language development discussed in Reading Passage 3 are listed 
below. 
Match each aspect with the appropriate model from the box below, according to the 
information in the Reading Passage. Write the appropriate letter (A,B,C,or D) in boxes 
33-36 on your answer sheet. 
Aspects of language development 
Example Population of territory A 
33. "wave" model 
34. Romance languages 
35. proto-Indo-European 
36. European languages 
 
 
Questions 37-39 
Answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS, according to 
the information in the Reading Passage. Write your answers in boxes 37-39 on your 
answer sheet. 
37. What are three ways in which the languages of Europe are related? 
38. On what basis does the author decide that Chinese and Japanese are not related to 
European languages? 
39. According to the tree model, what was the original proto-language for English? 
 
 

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 IELTS
 JOURNAL 
 
167 
READING PASSAGE 1 
Of Ducks and Duck Eggs
For people who like to keep poultry, ducks offer certain advantages over hens. Ducks 
are immune to some common diseases found in hens and are less vulnerable to 
others. Some breeds of duck produce bigger eggs than hens. In addition, ducks lay eggs 
over a longer season than do hens. 
Poultry keepers with gardens have less to worry about if they keep ducks rather than 
hens because the former are less apt to dig up plants and destroy roots. While both 
hens and ducks benefit the garden by eating pests, hens are known to damage herb 
and grass beds. Ducks, on the other hand, will search for insects and snails more 
carefully. Only very delicate plans are at risk from the broad, webbed feet of ducks. 
Like all waterbirds, ducks need access to water, and duck keepers typically provide this 
by building a pond. Something this large is not absolutely necessary, however; ducks 
need only to be able to dip their heads in the water to keep their nostrils clean. If a 
pond is provided, though, it is important to keep ducklings away from it until they are 
old enough to withstand the cool temperature of the water - about eight weeks. 
When keeping ducks, one has to consider just how many the land will support. 
Generally the rule is 100 ducks per half hectare. If more than this proportion is 
introduced, there is a risk of compacting the soil, which can lead to muddy conditions 
for long periods as the rain is not easily absorbed into the ground. 
While ducks offer many advantages over hens, they must be given a greater quantity 
of food, especially if regular eggs are desired. An adult duck will eat between 170 to 
200 grams of food a day. If the ducks have access to grass and a pond, they will be able 
to find for themselves approximately 70% of their daily dietary requirements in 
warmer months but less than half that in colder times. Therefore, it is important that 
they be fed enough food, such as grain, every day. 
Experienced duck keepers raise duckings every three years or so because it is after this 
period of time that ducks' egg-laying powers begin to seriously weaken. If the aim is to 
hatch duckings, keepers should be aware that not all ducks make good mothers, and 
that certain breeds of duck appear to be worse than others. The poor mothers 
abandon their eggs a few days after laying them. A sure way of making sure the 
rejected eggs hatch is to place them next to chicken eggs under a hen. 
The eggs of ducks as food for humans have a mixed reputation. This is because of a 
number of cases of salmonella food poisoning in Europe in the 1970s.Although it was 
never conclusively shown that duck eggs were to blame, the egg-eating public stopped 

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