Adjective, pronoun and numeral in Old German and Roman languages


It can be easily seen that there was no separate group of



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lecture 2(1)

It can be easily seen that there was no separate group of

Possessive pronouns in OE. They will be separated from the group of

personal pronouns only in ME.

  • There are three persons for pronouns in Old English (first person = speaker; second person = person being addressed; third person = third party being spoken about) , and the third person has masculine, neuter, and feminine forms
  • .


    Personal pronouns stand in for nouns. In Modern English the personal pronouns include: "I," "you," "he," "she," "it," "we," "they," "them," "us," "him," "her," "his," "hers," "its," "theirs," "our," "your."
    Personal pronouns are used in statements and commands, but not in questions; interrogative pronouns (like "who," "whom," "what") are used there.
    Like Modern English, Old English has both singular and plural forms for the personal pronouns. But Old English also has a dual form, used to indicate two closely associated persons -- two people working or fighting together, husband and wife, or lovers.
    Personal pronouns can replace nouns; therefore they are called noun-pronouns. The paradigm of personal pronouns is extremely suppletive: it consists of many individual forms.
    Interrogative Pronouns
    Interrogative Pronouns are "question words": who and what.
    Who was the most important king of the West Saxons in the ninth century?
    "Who" is an interrogative pronoun standing in for "he" (which would be used if the sentence were a statement) which would stand in for the answer to the question, "Alfred".
    Interrogative Pronouns have five (rather than four) case forms. The Instrumental case is here different from the Dative.
    There are masculine and neuter forms. Masculine interrogative pronouns are used for both masculine and feminine nouns.

    Summary : Personal pronouns had the following grammatical categories:

    Summary : Personal pronouns had the following grammatical categories:

    • the category of Person (three persons: the first, the second and the third);
    • the category of Number (three numbers: singular, dual and plural);
    • the category of Case (four cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative).
    • The third person singular had the category of gender with masculine, feminine, neuter forms.
    • In plural there was no gender differences: one form could be referred to different genders.

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