Chapter 6:
War Propaganda
Ever since I have been scrutinizing political events, I have taken
a tremendous interest in propagandist activity. I saw that the
SocialistMarxist organizations mastered and applied this
instrument with astounding skill. And I soon realized that the
correct use of propaganda is a true art which has remained
practically unknown to the bourgeois parties. Only the Christian
Social movement, especially in Lueger's time, achieved a certain
virtuosity on this instrument, to which it owed many of its
successes.
But it was not until the War that it became evident what immense
results could be obtained by a correct application of propaganda.
Here again, unfortunately, all our studying had to be done on the
enemy side, for the activity on our side was modest, to say the
least. The total miscarriage of the German 'enlightenment '
service stared every soldier in the face, and this spurred me to
take up the question of propaganda even more deeply than
before.
There was often more than enough time for thinking, and the
enemy offered practical instruction which, to our sorrow, was
only too good.
For what we failed to do, the enemy did, with amazing skill and
really brilliant calculation. I, myself, learned enormously from
this enemy war propaganda. But time passed and left no trace in
the minds of all those who should have benefited; partly because
they considered themselves too clever to from the enemy, partly
owing to lack of good will.
Did we have anything you could call propaganda?
I regret that I must answer in the negative. Everything that
actually was done in this field was so inadequate and wron from
the very start that it certainly did no good and sometimes did
actual harm.
The form was inadequate, the substance was psychologically
wrong: a careful examination of German war propaganda ca: lead
to no other diagnosis.
There seems to have been no clarity on the very first question: Is
propaganda a means or an end?
It is a means and must therefore be judged with regard to its end.
It must consequently take a form calculated to support the aim
which it serves. It is also obvious that its aim can vary in
importance from the standpoint of general need, and that the
inner value of the propaganda will vary accordingly. The aim for
which we were fighting the War was the loftiest, the most
overpowering, that man can conceive: it was the freedom and
independence of our nation, the security of our future food
supply, andour national honor; a thing which, despite all
contrary opinions prevailing today, nevertheless exists, or rather
should exist, since peoples without honor have sooner or later
lost their freedom and independence, which in turn is only the
result of a higher justice, since generations of rabble without
honor deserve no freedom. Any man who wants to be a cowardly
slave can have no honor) or honor itself would soon fall into
general contempt.
The German nation was engaged in a struggle for a human
existence, and the purpose of war propaganda should have been
to support this struggle; its aim to help bring about victory.
When the nations on this planet fight for existencewhen the
question of destiny, 'to be or not to be,' cries out for a solution
then all considerations of humanitarianism or aesthetics crumble
into nothingness; for all these concepts do not float about in the
ether, they arise from man's imagination and are bound up with
man. When he departs from this world, these concepts are again
dissolved into nothingness, for Nature does not know them. And
even among mankind, they belong only to a few nations or rather
races, and this in proportion as they emanate from the feeling of
the nation or race in question. Humanitarianism and aesthetics
would vanish even from a world inhabited by man if this world
were to lose the races that have created and upheld these
concepts.
But all such concepts become secondary when a nation is
fighting for its existence; in fact, they become totally irrelevant
to the forms of the struggle as soon as a situation arises where
they might paralyze a struggling nation's power of
selfpreservation. And that has always been their only visible
result.
As for humanitarianism, Moltke said years ago that in war it lies
in the brevity of the operation, and that means that the most
aggressive fighting technique is the most humane.
But when people try to approach these questions with drivel
about aesthetics, etc., really only one answer is possible: where
the destiny and existence of a people are at stake, all obligation
toward beauty ceases. The most unbeautiful thing there can be in
human life is and remains the yoke of slavery. Or do these
Schwabing 2 decadents view the present lot of the German
people as 'aesthetic'? Certainly we don't have to discuss these
matters with the Jews, the most modern inventors of this cultural
perfume. Their whole existence is an embodied protest against
the aesthetics of the Lord's image.
And since these criteria of humanitarianism and beauty must be
eliminated from the struggle, they are also inapplicable to
propaganda.
Propaganda in the War was a means to an end, and the end wvas
the struggle for the existence of the German people;
consequently, propaganda could only be considered in
accordance with the principles that were valid for this struggle. In
this case the most cruel weapons were humane if they brought
about a quicker victory; and only those methods were beautiful
which helped the nation to safeguard the dignity of its freedom.
This was the only possible attitude toward war propaganda in a
lifeanddeath struggle like ours.
If the socalled responsible authorities had been clear on this
point, they would never have fallen into such uncertainty over
the form and application of this weapon: for even propaganda is
no more than a weapon, though a frightful one in the hand of an
expert.
The second really decisive question was this: To whom should
propaganda be addressed? To the scientifically trained
intelligentsia or to the less educated masses?
It must be addressed always and exclusively to the masses.
What the intelligentsiaor those who today unfortunately often go
by that namewhat they need is not propaganda but scientific
instruction. The content of propaganda is not science any more
than the object represented in a poster is art. The art of the poster
lies in the designer's ability to attract the attention of the crowd
by form and color. A poster advertising an art exhibit must direct
the attention of the public to the art being exhibited; the better it
succeeds in this, the greater is the art of the poster itself. The
poster should give the masses an idea of the significance of the
exhibition, it should not be a substitute for the art on display.
Anyone who wants to concern himself with the art itself must do
more than study the poster; and it will not be enough for him just
to saunter through the exhibition. We may expect him to examine
and immerse himself in the individual works, and thus little by
little form a fair opinion.
A similar situation prevails with what we today call propaganda.
The function of propaganda does not lie in the scientific training
of the individual, but in calling the masses' attention to certain
facts, processes, necessities, etc., whose significance is thus for
the first time placed within their field of vision.
The whole art consists in doing this so skillfully that everyone
will be convinced that the fact is real, the process necessary, the
necessity correct, etc. But since propaganda is not and cannot be
the necessity in itself, since its function, like the poster, consists
in attracting the attention of the crowd, and not in educating
those who are already educated or who are striving after
education and knowledge, its effect for the most part must be
aimed at the emotions and only to a very limited degree at the so
called intellect.
All propaganda must be popular and its intellectual level must be
adjusted to the most limited intelligence among those it is
addressed to. Consequently, the greater the mass it is intended to
reach, the lower its purely intellectual level will have to be. But
if, as in propaganda for sticking out a war, the aim is to influence
a whole people, we must avoid excessive intellectual demands on
our public, and too much caution cannot be exerted in this
direction.
The more modest its intellectual ballast, the more exclusively it
takes into consideration the emotions of the masses, the more
effective it will be. And this is the best proof of the soundness or
unsoundness of a propaganda campaign, and not success in
pleasing a few scholars or young aesthetes.
The art of propaganda lies in understanding the emotional ideas
of the great masses and finding, through a psychologically
correct form, the way to the attention and thence to the heart of
the broad masses. The fact that our bright boys do not understand
this merely shows how mentally lazy and conceited they are.
Once we understand how necessary it is for propaganda to be
adjusted to the broad mass, the following rule results:
It is a mistake to make propaganda manysided, like scientific
instruction, for instance.
The receptivity of the great masses is very limited, their
intelligence is small, but their power of forgetting is enormous.
In consequence of these facts, all effective propaganda must be
limited to a very few points and must harp on these in sloans
until the last member of the public understands what you want
him to understand by your slogan. As soon as you sacrifice this
slogan and try to be manysided, the effect will piddle away, for
the crowd can neither digest nor retain the material offered. In
this way the result is weakened and in the end entirely cancelled
out.
Thus we see that propaganda must follow a simple line and
correspondingly the basic tactics must be psychologically sound.
For instance, it was absolutely wrong to make the enemy
ridiculous, as the Austrian and German comic papers did. It was
absolutely wrong because actual contact with an enemy soldier
was bound to arouse an entirely different conviction, and the
results were devastating; for now the German soldier, under the
direct impression of the enemy's resistance, felt himself swindled
by his propaganda service. His desire to fight, or even to stand
film, was not strengthened, but the opposite occurred. His
courage flagged.
By contrast, the war propaganda of the English and Americans
was psychologically sound. By representing the Germans to their
own people as barbarians and Huns, they prepared the individual
soldier for the terrors of war, and thus helped to preserve him
from disappointments. After this, the most terrible weapon that
was used against him seemed only to confirm what his
propagandists had told him; it likewise reinforced his faith in the
truth of his government's assertions, while on the other hand it
increased his rage and hatred against the vile enemy For the cruel
effects of the weapon, whose use by the enemy he now came to
know, gradually came to confirm for him the 'Hunnish' brutality
of the barbarous enemy, which he had heard all about; and it
never dawned on him for a moment that his own weapons
possibly, if not probably, might be even more terrible in their
effects.
And so the English soldier could never feel that he had been
misinformed by his own countrymen, as unhappily was so much
the case with the German soldier that in the end he rejected
everything coming from this source as 'swindles' and 'bunk.' All
this resulted from the idea that any old simpleton (or even
somebody who was intelligent ' in other things ') could be
assigned to propaganda work, and the failure to realize that the
most brilliant psychologists would have been none too good.
And so the German war propaganda offered an unparalleled
example of an 'enlightenment' service working in reverse, since
any correct psychology was totally lacking.
There was no end to what could be learned from the enemy by a
man who kept his eyes open, refused to let his perceptions be
ossified, and for four and a half years privately turned the
stormflood of enemy propaganda over in his brain.
What our authorities least of all understood was the very first
axiom of all propagandist activity: to wit, the basically subjective
and onesided attitude it must take toward every question it deals
with. In this connection, from the very beginning of the War and
from top to bottom, such sins were committed that we were
entitled to doubt whether so much absurdity could really be
attributed to pure stupidity alone.
What, for example, would we say about a poster that was
supposed to advertise a new soap and that described other soaps
as 'good'?
We would only shake our heads.
Exactly the same applies to political advertising.
The function of propaganda is, for example, not to weigh and
ponder the rights of different people, but exclusively to
emphasize the one right which it has set out to argue for. Its task
is not to make an objective study of the truth, in so far as it favors
the enemy, and then set it before the masses with academic
fairness; its task is to serve our own right, always and
unflinchingly.
It was absolutely wrong to discuss warguilt from the standpoint
that Germany alone could not be held responsible for the
outbreak of the catastrophe; it would have been correct to load
every bit of the blame on the shoulders of the enemy, even if this
had not really corresponded to the true facts, as it actually did.
And what was the consequence of this halfheartedness?
The broad mass of a nation does not consist of diplomats, or even
professors of political law, or even individuals capable of
forming a rational opinion; it consists of plain mortals, wavering
and inclined to doubt and uncertainty. As soon as our own
propaganda admits so much as a glimmer of right on the other
side, the foundation for doubt in our own right has been laid. The
masses are then in no position to distinguish where foreign
injustice ends and our own begins. In such a case they become
uncertain and suspicious, especially if the enemy refrains from
going in for the same nonsense, but unloads every bit of blame
on his adversary. Isn't it perfectly understandable that the whole
country ends up by lending more credence to enemy propaganda,
which is more unified and coherent, than to its own? And
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