34
AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
which consequently enhances N availability to subsequent
crops.
Environmental factors affecting legume-rhizobia
symbiosis:
Suboptimal levels of several environmental
factors can limit both legume plant growth as well as N
2
-
fixing activities. Fluctuations in pH, nutrient availability,
salinity,
temperature, herbicides and moisture greatly
influence
the growth, survival,
and metabolic activity of
nitrogen fixing bacteria and plants, and their ability to enter
into symbiotic relationship (Mohammadi
et al,
2012).
Soil salinity:
Salinization is the accumulation of water-
soluble salts in the soil profile to a level that have detrimental
impacts on agricultural production, environmental health,
and economic welfare. Salinity is an increasing agricultural
problem in many regions worldwide. The total global area
of salt-affected soils including saline and sodic soils is 831
million hectares, extending over all the continents including
Asia, Africa, America, Australia and Europe. It is a serious
threat to the production of grain legumes in the semi-arid
and arid regions of the world (Rengasamy, 2006).
Over 40 years ago, Bhardwaj (1975) reported that
in legume-
Rhizobium
symbiosis legumes are more sensitive
to salinity as compared to their microbial symbionts. Salinity
does not affect colonization of root by rhizobia (Flowers
et
al,
2010) but it causes significant reduction in nodulation,
nodule weight and efficiency
of fully formed nodules in
chickpea (Singleton and Bohlool, 1984) and hence decreases
the proportion of those nodules that are initiated in saline
conditions that are able to develop into active nitrogen fixing
nodules. Elsheikh and Wood (1990) reported that nodulation
was completely inhibited at 7 dS m
-1
and the chickpea plants
died at 8 dS m
-1
. Rao
et al
(2002) revealed that plants at pH
8.9 showed the least effect of stress and nodules were healthy
and pink. But with increase in pH to 9.0 and 9.2 the nodules
became black in colour and were damaged. Reduced nodule
formation by the chickpea could have been due to the adverse
effects of salinity on the nodule initiation.
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