Keywords: Occupational exposure, jewelry, Nickel, Cadmium, Copper
Introduction
Jewelry is viewed as a form of personal decoration or adornment. It is
manifested as necklaces, rings, brooches, earrings and bracelets. Several
materials as gemstones, precious metals or shells are involved in the
production of jewelry. The choice of such materials depends on cultural
differences and the availability of the materials. Jewelry is usually
appreciated due to its material properties, its patterns or for meaningful
symbols (Olivier, Jayne Wallace, 2009).
The processing of jewelry manufacturing utilizes copper plating
either directly or as a base metal for silver and other precious substances. A
precious metal is known as being rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical
element that has high economic value. From a chemical point of view, the
precious metals are less reactive than most elements, have high luster, are
softer or more ductile, and have higher melting points than other metals
(Kutlu, 2005).
Two categories of jewelry industry include: genuine jewelry
production from valued metals as gold, silver and platinum; and costume
jewelry production. Tin and lead are mixed before molding and plating with
valued metals (Kulmala, 2006).
Nickel is one of the most common causes of allergic contact
dermatitis (Burrows and Adams, 1990). The condition has been seen in
various occupations including hairdressers, nickel platters, and jewelers.
Once a worker is sensitized to nickel, the sensitivity persists after the
exposure is removed. Inhalation is thought to be the major route of exposure
to nickel and nickel compounds (Proctor et al., 1991). Inhalation exposures
have been linked with lung cancer and nasal sinuses in workers employed in
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nickel refineries and smelters (Mastromatteo, 1994). Other health effects due
to nickel inhalation exposures include nasal irritation, damage to the nasal
mucosa, perforation of the nasal septum, loss of smell, pneumoconiosis, and
allergic asthma (Snow SN, Costa, 1992).
Various effects due to exposure to cadmium have been reported to
involve many organs and systems. Acute adverse effects due to overexposure
to cadmium have been reported. Currently, in most occupational settings,
chronic effects are of greater concern. It has been shown that the main
symptom is respiratory distress due to chemical pneumonitis and edema.
High exposure level of cadmium (40–50 mg/m3 for 1 hour) was shown to
cause death (Proctor et al., 1991). The current cadmium tolerable intake
standard established by the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives
(JECFA) of WHO is 25 micrograms per kilogram of body weight per month
(mg/kg bw-mo). Average cadmium intakes are about 5 mg/kg bw/ mo
(http://www.cadmium.org/pg).
Chronic occupational exposure to cadmium is likely to be associated
with an increased occurrence of lung cancer, kidney damage, and chronic
obstructive lung disease (WHO, 1992). It is believed that the kidney is the
organ most sensitive to the toxic effects of cadmium and kidney damage due
to cadmium exposure occurs when cadmium accumulates in the kidneys.
This damage is progressive over time and is irreversible reaction. Chronic
lung injury also develops in workers in relation to the period and level of
exposure. But the effects on the lung occur quite slowly. The exposure level
at which these effects occur is unknown Anyhow, the define level of
exposure linked with lung damage is thought to be above that which causes
kidney damage (NIOSH, 1992). According to the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), cadmium is considered to be a
potential human carcinogen (NIOSH, 1984a). Both of lung and prostate
cancers have been of concern. Although the evidence linking overexposure
to cadmium with lung cancer is strong, the evidence linking cadmium
exposure with prostate cancer is weaker (Thun et al., 1991).
In humans, inhalation of copper fume has been shown to induce
irritation of the upper respiratory tract, metallic or sweet taste, and
discoloration of the skin and hair. Copper fume exposure is associated with
metal fume fever, an acute 24– to 48–hour illness characterized by
influenza–like symptoms including fever, chills, sweating, weakness,
headaches, muscle aches, and dryness of mouth and throat (ACGIH ,1999).
There are many types of jewelleries including a large number of
metal jewelleries with and without a content of precious metal. There is a
great potential associated with jewelleries to release substances such as
heavy metals that have health risks. Furthermore, it has been reported that
there is a problem with the content of large amounts of lead in what is called
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cheap jewelleries. This problem was taken seriously when a 4 year old boy
(in united states of America USA) died due to accidentally swallowing of a
heart-shaped piece of jewellery containing above 99% lead (Berg, 2006 ).
Gold is known by its chemical and physical properties. It is a soft,
flexible, lustrous. It has a yellow color. Gold can resist corrosion. Gold has
been utilized in jewelry making and decorations and as a cosmetic ingredient
since the ancient times (Merchant, 1988). Because the pure metal is soft in
nature, it is required to use gold alloys to make jewelry, apparatus and coins
(Voet and Wolff, 1996).
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