An introduction to immunology and immunopathology

Table 3  Types of hypersensitivity reactions [

6

, 

7

]

Type

Alternate name

Examples

Mediators

I

Allergy (immediate)

• Atopy

   – Anaphylaxis

   – Asthma

   – Allergic rhinitis

   – Angioedema

   – Food allergy

IgE

II

Cytotoxic, antibody-dependent

• Erythroblastosis fetalis

• Goodpasture syndrome

• Autoimmune anemias, thrombocytopenias

IgG, IgM

III

Immune complex disease

• Systemic lupus erythematosus

• Serum sickness

• Reactive arthritis

• Arthrus reaction

Aggregation of antigens

IgG, IgM

Complement proteins

IV

Delayed-type hypersensitivity, cell-

mediated, antibody-independent

• Contact dermatitis

• Tuberculosis

• Chronic transplant rejection

T cells, monocytes, macrophages

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Marshall et al. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2018, 14(Suppl 2):49

or indirectly impair the immune system such as leukemia 

and multiple myeloma. Immunodeficiency is also the 

hallmark of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 

(AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus 

(HIV). HIV directly infects Th cells and also impairs 

other immune system responses indirectly [

9

, 

10

].