Energies
2022
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15
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The multi-barrier system typically comprises the natural geological barrier, termed
the natural barrier system (NBS), provided by the host rock and an engineered barrier
system (EBS), which is illustrated by Figure 6. The EBS includes several components such
as the wasteform; container; liners and backfills; and facility walls and backfills. These
barriers act in concert, initially to contain the radionuclides and then to limit their release
to the accessible environment. The near-surface disposal facilities rely mainly on EBS
whereas deep geological disposal facilities (GDF) utilise NBS as the main barrier, acting
on geological time scales [2,3].
4.2. Engineered Barrier System (EBS)
The role of the EBS in the disposal is to ensure the complete containment of short-
lived radionuclides. EBS is the unique and most important barrier in a NSDF, which pro-
tects the environment and humans from waste radionuclides and associated radiations.
The first barrier within EBS is represented by durable wasteforms, such as cements and
glasses, which reliably contain and significantly limit any potential radionuclide release
into the environment [23,30,31]. The next barrier is the container, which also prevents ra-
dionuclide releases. Backfilling (buffering) is used to fill the bulk of void spaces in disposal
facilities in order to limit water ingress and stabilise the disposal/storage system. The
buffer materials are usually in the form of clay minerals such as bentonite, aiming also to
retain radionuclides and delay their release into the environment. EBS of GDFs aim to
completely confine the short-lived fraction of HLW whereas over very long (geological)
times the NBS remains the most important barrier. Tables 4 and 5 show the major EBS
components of GDFs and provide information on their functions and expected lifetimes
[23,32].
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