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Physical examination — The main goals of the physical examination are to evaluate for
signs of end-organ damage, for established cardiovascular disease, and for evidence of
potential causes of secondary hypertension. The physical examination should include the
The extent of target-organ damage, if any
●
The presence of established cardiovascular or kidney disease
●
The presence or absence of other cardiovascular risk factors (see
"Overview of
established risk factors for cardiovascular disease"
)
●
Lifestyle factors that could potentially contribute to hypertension (see
'Risk factors for
primary (essential) hypertension'
above)
●
Potential interfering substances (eg, chronic use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs [NSAIDs], estrogen-containing oral contraceptives) (see
'Secondary or
contributing causes of hypertension'
above)
●
underutilized but important funduscopic examination to evaluate for hypertensive
retinopathy (
table 8
).
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