viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
Table Name
Page No.
Table 1.1
Types of Solar cell based on the material
4
Table 2.1
GPIO pin mapping table of NodeMcu
8
Table 3.1
Types of Solar Tracker
16
Table 5.1
PV array outputs for bright sunny day on 4
th
April 2019
36
Table 5.2
LDR output for cloudy day on 7
th
April 2019
37
Table 5.3
LDR output for bright sunny day on 2
nd
April 2019
37
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content
Page No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ii
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
iii
RECOMMENDATION
iv
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
v
LIST OF FIGURES
vi
LIST OF TABLES
viii
ABSTRACT
xi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1
2.2 Literature Review
3
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY
2.1 Implementation
8
2.2 Theory of using Two LDR
11
2.3 Research Design
12
CHAPTER 3: THEORITICAL BACKGROUND OF SOLAR TRACKER
3.1 The Earth: Rotation and Revolution
14
3.2 Types of Tracker
17
3.3 Fixed Collector
20
3.4 Maximum Power
Point Tracking
22
3.5 Advantages & Pitfalls of Solar Energy
26
3.5.1 Advantages
26
3.5.2 Pitfalls
26
CHAPTER 4: HARDWARE PROTOTYPE
4.1 Hardware Prototype
27
4.1.1 The Solar Input
27
4.1.2 The Controlling Circuit
28
4.1.3 The Driving Motors
29
xi
Abstract
Of all the renewable energies, solar energy is the only energy gained its popularity and importance
quickly. Through the solar tracking system, we can produce an abundant amount of energy which
makes the solar panel’s workability much more efficient. Perpendicular proportionality of the solar
panel with the sun rays is the reason lying behind its efficiency. Pecuniary, its installation charge
is high provided cheaper options are also available. This project is discussed all about the design
and construction mechanism of the prototype for the solar tracking system having a single axis of
freedom.
The main control circuit is based upon NodeMcu microcontroller. Programming of this device is
done in the manner that the LDR sensor, in accordance with the detection of the sun rays, will
provide direction to the DC Motor that in which way the solar panel is going to revolve. Through
this, the solar panel is positioned in such a manner that the maximum amount of sun rays could be
received. In comparison with the other motors, DC motor is the simplest and the suave one, the
torque of which is high and speed of which is slow enough. We can program it for changing the
direction notwithstanding the fact that it rotates only in one direction subject to exception as far as
programming is concerned. 1985, first time ever it was witnessed for
production of the silicon
solar cells with an efficiency of 20%. Though a hike in the efficiency of the solar panel had a
handsome increase still perfection was a far-fetched goal for it. Below 40%, most of the panels
still hover to operate. Consequently, peoples are compelled to purchase a number of panels in order
to meet their energy demands or purchase single systems with large outputs. Availability of the
solar cells types with higher efficiencies is on provided they are too costly to purchase. Ways to
be accessed for increasing solar panel efficiencies are a plethora in number still one of the ways to
be availed for accomplishing the said purpose while reducing costs, is tracking. Tracking helps in
the wider projection of the panel to the Sun with increased power output. It could be dual or single
axis tracker.
Duality ragged up with better compatibility as far as tracking of the sunlight from both
the axis is
concerned. Commercially single tracker is cheaper to use through booming of power is
considerable and therefore a minuscule increase in the price is worthy and acceptable, provided
maintenance cost should float around on an average level.