G‘apporov M. Ingliz tili grammatikasi

shall be reading, I have been reading, I had been reading.
PERFECT PARTICIPLE ACTIVE
1. Perfect Participle Active hol bo‘lib keladi va gapning kesimidagi ish-
harakatdan oldin sodir bo‘lgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi.
2. Perfect Participle Active sifatdoshli iboralarda kelib sabab holi bo‘-
lib keladi. Bunday iboralarni kesimi Perfect zamonda kelgani sabab, er gash
gaplari bilan almashtirish mumkin:
Having lived in London for many
years (=As he had lived in London
for many years) he knew that city
very well.
Londonda ko‘p yillar yashagan-
ligi sababli (Londonda ko‘p yillar
yashagani sababli), u bu shaharni
juda yaxshi bilardi.
Having fulfi lled the terms of the
contract (= As we had fulfi lled the
terms of the contract) we refused to
admit the claim of the fi rm.
Shartnoma shartlarini bajarib
(Shartnoma shartlarini bajargan-
ligimiz sababli), biz fi rmaning
da‘vosini rad etdik.
3. Perfect Participle Active payt holi bo‘lib keladi va sifatdoshdagi ish-
harakat gapning kesimidagi ish-harakatdan oldin sodir bo‘lganini bildiradi
va bunday iboralarni kesimi Perfect zamonda bo‘lgan payt ergash gaplar
bilan almashtirish mumkin:
Having collected all the mate-
rial (= After he had collected
all the material), he was able to
write a full report on th work of
the comission.
Barcha materiallarni to‘plagach
(= U barcha materiallarni to‘pla-
gandan keyin), komissiya ishi
haqida to‘liq hisobot yoza oldi.
Izoh: Ushbu hol uchun Perfect Participle bilan bir qatorda after predlogi bilan kel gan
Simple Gerund ham ishlatilishi mumkin:
Having collected all the material…
= After collecting all the material…
Ikkita bevosita oldinma-ketin sodir bo‘lgan ish-harakat bo‘lsa va bir
ish-harakatni ikkinchisidan oldin sodir bo‘lganini ta’kidlash zarura
ti
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68
bo‘lmasa Perfect Participle emas Present Participle ishlatiladi va bu

ibo ralarga to‘g‘ri keladigan ergash gaplarda fe’l Simple zamonlarda ish-
latiladi: