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Annual Review of Neuroscience
Brainstem Circuits Controlling
Action Diversification
Ludwig Ruder
1,2
and Silvia Arber
1,2
1
Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland;
email: silvia.arber@unibas.ch
2
Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2019. 42:485–504
The Annual Review of Neuroscience is online at
neuro.annualreviews.org
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-
050201
Copyright © 2019 by Annual Reviews.
All rights reserved
Keywords
brainstem, motor control, neuronal cell types, skilled forelimb movement,
orofacial behavior, locomotion
Abstract
Neuronal circuits that regulate movement are distributed throughout the
nervous system. The brainstem is an important interface between upper
motor centers involved in action planning and circuits in the spinal cord ul-
timately leading to execution of body movements. Here we focus on recent
work using genetic and viral entry points to reveal the identity of function-
ally dedicated and frequently spatially intermingled brainstem populations
essential for action diversification, a general principle conserved throughout
evolution. Brainstem circuits with distinct organization and function con-
trol skilled forelimb behavior, orofacial movements, and locomotion. They
convey regulatory parameters to motor output structures and collaborate
in the construction of complex natural motor behaviors. Functionally tuned
brainstem neurons for different actions serve as important integrators of
synaptic inputs from upstream centers, including the basal ganglia and
cortex, to regulate and modulate behavioral function in different contexts.
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Contents
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
BRAINSTEM AND SPINAL CIRCUITS FOR THE CONTROL
OF SKILLED FORELIMB BEHAVIORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
COORDINATION OF OROFACIAL AND RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS BY
BRAINSTEM CIRCUITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
BRAINSTEM CIRCUITS CONTROLLING FULL-BODY MOVEMENT . . . . . . . 494
MODULATORY AND INSTRUCTIVE INPUTS
TO BRAINSTEM CIRCUITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
OUTLOOK AND EVOLUTIONARY CONSERVATION OF BRAINSTEM
ORGANIZATIONAL LOGIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
INTRODUCTION
The brainstem is a key structure rostral to the spinal cord and is involved in the regulation of
many forms of movement and other physiological functions. Brainstem neurons were inherently
difficult to study in the past due to their functional diversity, neuronal intermingling, and complex
integration into local, ascending, and descending circuits ( Jones 1995; Kuypers 1981; Newman
1985a,b; Orlovsky et al. 1999; Valverde 1961). Consequently, brainstem neurons have often simply
been referred to as relay neurons linking upstream and downstream neurons without clear func-
tional assignments. Nevertheless, a series of lesion experiments in different species demonstrated
the necessity of the brainstem in controlling movement. In frogs, transection of the neuraxis at
progressively more caudal levels allowed researchers to determine the remaining motor abilities
after lesion (Roh et al. 2011). Frogs with an intact brainstem but without forebrain performed
most behaviors displayed by intact frogs, including jumping, stepping, and swimming. Frogs with
transections at the rostral medulla showed partially remaining abilities, whereas all but reflexive
behaviors were lost upon transection at the brainstem–spinal cord junction (Roh et al. 2011). Anal-
ogous experiments are more challenging in mammals for various reasons, including ethical ones.
However, decorticated cats still perform many movements (Bjursten et al. 1976), and cats still lo-
comote after premammillary lesions are introduced rostrally to the superior colliculus (Hinsey
et al. 1930, Whelan 1996). These combined studies demonstrate that the brainstem harbors es-
sential neuronal substrates to generate diverse forms of movement and is therefore clearly more
than a relay station.
One important question is precisely how the brainstem contributes to movement generation
and coordination. The generation of natural behaviors requires selection from competing behav-
iors and the combination of movements that occur either jointly or in succession, each ultimately
implemented by motor neurons located in the brainstem and/or the spinal cord regulating periph-
eral muscle contractions (Figure 1). During environmental exploration, for example, locomotion
and orofacial behaviors are frequently combined, and when animals arrive at a food source, they
transport food to their mouth with their forelimbs and begin chewing. The recent implementation
of genetic and viral tools, combined with cell type–specific perturbation experiments and refined
behavioral analysis, has facilitated the identification of neuronal cell types stratified by different
functions.
Here we review work on three large behavioral categories with important brainstem contri-
butions for which there has been significant recent progress in understanding the function and
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Ruder
•
Arber
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