Literary Criticism
Page 10
large in Dostoevsky's
works to come, especially
Notes from Underground and Crime and
Punishment. In 1863, leaving his ailing wife behind, he made a second trip to Europe. (Marya
Isaeva, Dostoevsky's first wife, died in 1864.)
Notes from Underground was first published in January and February of 1864 as the
featured presentation in the first two issues of The Epoch, Dostoevsky's second journal of the
1860s. The novel was written at one of the lowest points of Dostoevsky's career.
The novel begin with The narrator introduces himself as a man who lives underground
and refers to himself as a spiteful person whose every act is dictated by his spitefulness. Then
he suddenly admits that he is not really spiteful, because he finds
it is impossible to be
anything — he can't be spiteful or heroic; he can only be nothing. This is because he is a man
of acute consciousness and such a person is automatically rendered inactive because he
considers too many consequences of any act before he performs the act and therefore never
gets around to doing anything. In contrast, a person who is not very intelligent can constantly
perform all sorts of actions because he never bothers to consider the consequences.
The man of acute consciousness finds that he cannot even commit an act of revenge
because he never knows the exact nature of the insult. Such a man is plagued with an active
imagination which causes him to exaggerate any type of insult until it becomes fantasized out
of all proportion to the original insult. By this time it is ridiculous to try and perform any act of
revenge.
It is easy for other people to classify themselves, but the Underground Man knows that
no simple classification can define the essence of one's existence; therefore, he can only
conclude that he is nothing.
Yet in society, the scientists and the materialists are trying to
define exactly what a man is in order to create a society which will function for man's best
advantage. The Underground Man objects to this trend because he maintains that no one can
actually know what an’s best advantage s. Such a society would have to be formulated on
the theory that man is a rational being who always acts for his best advantage. But the history
of man proves that he seldom acts this way.
The Underground Man then points out that some people love things which are not to
their best advantage. Many people, for example, need to suffer and are ennobled by suffering;
yet, the scientist and the rationalist want to remove suffering from their utopian society,
thereby removing something that man passionately desires. What the Underground Man
wants is not scientific certainty, but the freedom to choose his own way of life.
The Underground Man concludes that for the man of conscious intelligence, the best
thing to do is to do nothing. His justification for writing these Notes from Underground is that