Literary Criticism
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Saussure’s the ry and h s cla that s gns ga n the r ean ng thr ugh structure n a part cular
text. It has been argued that readers are always influenced by other texts, sifting through their
archives, when reading a new one.
The corporatist has several technical terms to describe intertextual relationship
between two texts. If it is a source and product relationship, it can be termed
imitation, influence, adaptation, parody or subversion. The history and literature of a country,
n the current s c al and p l t cal scenar , re a ns nc plete f the c untry’s
aboriginal heritage and culture get ignored in its waiting. Comparative literature shows
the relationship between the two texts or two authors.
Intertextuality means the reference of a given text to another text. New texts are
superposed on old texts. New texts (Hypertexts) are always read under the light of old texts
(Hypotexts). Literature is a continuous and an ongoing process of reworking and refashioning
old text. Old texts turn into some sort of raw materials used for the creation of new ones.
2. About the works
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born October 30, 1821, in Moscow's Hospital for
the Poor. He was the second of seven children born to a former army surgeon, who was
murdered in 1839 when his own serfs poured vodka down his throat until he died. Following
a boarding school education in Moscow with his older brother Mikhail, Fyodor was admitted
to the Academy of Military Engineers in St. Petersburg in 1838. He completed his studies in
1843, graduating as a lieutenant, but was quickly convinced that he preferred a career in
writing to being mired in the bureaucratic Russian military. In 1844 he published a
translation of Balzac's Eugenie Grandet, and he followed these two years later with his first
original published work, Poor Folk, a widely-acclaimed short novel championed by the
influential critic Vissarion Belinsky.On April 23, 1849, Dostoevsky was arrested with other
members of the Petrashevsky circle and was sentenced to death to work as materialist atheism.
He was placed in solitary confinement in the Petropavlovsky Fortress for eight months. During
this time, Tsar Nikolai I changed his sentence but ordered that this change only be announced
at the last minute. On December 22, Dostoevsky and his fellow prisoners were led through all
the initial steps of execution, and several of them were already tied to posts awaiting their
deaths when the reprieve was sounded.
In 1862 Dostoevsky went abroad. He visited France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and
England. In London he attended the 1862 World's Fair and had a first-hand look at the Crystal
Palace, the architectural wonder of the age. The image of the Crystal Palace, which for
progressive critics symbolized the dawning of a new age of reason and harmony, was to loom
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large in Dostoevsky's works to come, especially
Notes from Underground and Crime and
Punishment. In 1863, leaving his ailing wife behind, he made a second trip to Europe. (Marya
Isaeva, Dostoevsky's first wife, died in 1864.)
Notes from Underground was first published in January and February of 1864 as the
featured presentation in the first two issues of The Epoch, Dostoevsky's second journal of the
1860s. The novel was written at one of the lowest points of Dostoevsky's career.
The novel begin with The narrator introduces himself as a man who lives underground
and refers to himself as a spiteful person whose every act is dictated by his spitefulness. Then
he suddenly admits that he is not really spiteful, because he finds it is impossible to be
anything — he can't be spiteful or heroic; he can only be nothing. This is because he is a man
of acute consciousness and such a person is automatically rendered inactive because he
considers too many consequences of any act before he performs the act and therefore never
gets around to doing anything. In contrast, a person who is not very intelligent can constantly
perform all sorts of actions because he never bothers to consider the consequences.
The man of acute consciousness finds that he cannot even commit an act of revenge
because he never knows the exact nature of the insult. Such a man is plagued with an active
imagination which causes him to exaggerate any type of insult until it becomes fantasized out
of all proportion to the original insult. By this time it is ridiculous to try and perform any act of
revenge.
It is easy for other people to classify themselves, but the Underground Man knows that
no simple classification can define the essence of one's existence; therefore, he can only
conclude that he is nothing. Yet in society, the scientists and the materialists are trying to
define exactly what a man is in order to create a society which will function for man's best
advantage. The Underground Man objects to this trend because he maintains that no one can
actually know what an’s best advantage s. Such a society would have to be formulated on
the theory that man is a rational being who always acts for his best advantage. But the history
of man proves that he seldom acts this way.
The Underground Man then points out that some people love things which are not to
their best advantage. Many people, for example, need to suffer and are ennobled by suffering;
yet, the scientist and the rationalist want to remove suffering from their utopian society,
thereby removing something that man passionately desires. What the Underground Man
wants is not scientific certainty, but the freedom to choose his own way of life.
The Underground Man concludes that for the man of conscious intelligence, the best
thing to do is to do nothing. His justification for writing these Notes from Underground is that
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