5. Outline medical history
A brief bullet pointed section covering main aspects of medical history,
including any mental health issues.
Clinical review template – Non-foreseeable Death
6. Key findings and issues of concern
This section should contain sub-headings highlighting the issues. It
should cover all relevant treatment relating to the cause of death, including
any substance misuse (IDTS); mental health treatment (including appropriate
medication); physical health treatment (including appropriate medication);
healthcare input into the ACCT process; emergency response (including the
appropriateness of any resuscitation attempt).
Please refer to appropriate NHS/NICE guidelines and relevant prison/IRC
policies.
If restraints were used:
The Graham Judgement, High Court 2007 – made it clear that there should
be appropriate healthcare input into risk assessments for the use of restraints.
Healthcare staff should not merely state ‘no objection to the use of restraints’
they should give a clear account of the prisoner’s condition and how this
impacts on their risk of escape.
Clinical reviewers should comment on this aspect of the risk assessments
only.
7. Conclusion
Clinical reviewers overall conclusion about the clinical care the deceased
received including whether it was equivalent to that they could have expected
in the community
8. Recommendations
Clear recommendations to the relevant stakeholders (Governor, head of
healthcare or commissioners). Recommendations should be specific, short
and to the point and must relate to the clinical care in respect of the cause of
death (in the case of a self-inflicted death, this would include any mental
health treatment/care).
Other findings to bring to the attention of the NHS Area Team
(healthcare commissioners)
Anything uncovered by the clinical reviewer in relation to the healthcare
provider at the establishment – that may not necessarily relate to the care and
treatment of the prisoner concerned.
Other recommendations
That relate to the above paragraph
Annex A – Chronology of relevant events
Date
Time
Event
Location
Name
Source (eg IMR)
ANNEX C
Making recommendations
When undertaking a clinical review into a death in custody, you may wish to
make recommendations. The PPO encourages the use of the SMARTER
acronym when making recommendations, to help ensure recommended changes
are implemented:
Specific
Measurable
Accountable
Reasonable
Time bound
Effective
Reviewed
Guidance is now offered to help ensure the recommendations made in your
clinical review achieve the change desired.
SMARTER Recommendations
Specific:
Recommendations should focus on one specific area of practice. Objectives
should be clear, straightforward and emphasise what needs to happen, like a
simple instruction. Use action words such as introduce, apologise, co-ordinate,
organise, instruct, implement etc. Terms such as ‘in addition’ or ‘also’ should be
avoided when drafting recommendations. When such terms are used, consider
whether two separate recommendations may be more effective than one, e.g.
The head of healthcare at High Down should remind staff of the importance of
fully completing the ‘first reception health screen’ form. She should also ensure
that patients who need to see a doctor are referred appropriately by the reception
nurse.
Instead, use:
The Head of Healthcare at High Down should ensure all ‘first reception health
screen’ forms are completed in full.
The Head of Healthcare at High Down should ensure that patients who need to
see a doctor are referred appropriately by the reception nurse.
Measurable:
The intended outcome of each recommendation should be measurable. Imagine
you visit the prison again next year - will you be able to tell whether the
recommendation has been implemented? Never use the term ‘consider’, and
Clinical review template – Non-foreseeable Death
ensure terms like ‘remind’ and ‘review’ are strengthened by recommending more
formal actions:
The Head of Healthcare should consider whether there are adequate measures
in place to monitor the distribution of medication to prisoners subject to ACCT
procedures.
It would be easier to measure if the suggested review was formalised, e.g.
The Head of Healthcare should conduct a formal review of medicine
distribution to prisoners subject to ACCT procedures.
Accountable
All recommendations must be directed to member of staff in a named post. The
individual to whom the recommendation is directed to should be at the top of their
respective hierarchy, i.e. the Head of Healthcare, or the appropriate lead at the
NHS Area Team.
The use of informal language when completing a patient’s medical records
should be avoided
Should read:
The Head of Healthcare should ensure that the use of informal language when
completing a patient’s medical records should be avoided
Reasonable
Recommendations should be reasonable and proportionate to the issue identified
in investigation.
NOMS should consider issuing pouches containing gloves and a protective face
mask to all medical and discipline staff who work with prisoners
This is perhaps unreasonable, given cost implications, and disproportionate,
given that the prerequisite training for the use of such masks is not available to all
staff anyhow. Instead use:
The Governor and Head of Healthcare of XXXXX should ensure that a cross
section of discipline officers have up to date first aid qualifications and are able to
access and use first aid equipment such as face masks
Time bound
There will be occasions where a recommendation needs to be addressed as a
matter of urgency. This can be appropriately refelected in the drafting of the
recommendation itself e.g.
Clinical review template – Non-foreseeable Death
The Head of Healthcare of XXXX should ensure, as a matter of urgency, that
staff are, where necessary, trained in the management of diabetes.
Where possible, and where appropriate, a date by which action needs to be
completed should be included.
Effective
When drafting a recommendation, always ask whether implementation will
actually make a difference. Ensuring recommendations are measurable and will
go some way to making sure they are effective. Historically, the most frequent
area where recommendations are made is record keeping. The effectiveness of
these recommendations may have much to do with the terminology used:
The head of healthcare should ensure that record keeping is improved
This recommendation is improved by referencing best practice and by suggesting
specific action:
The Head of Healthcare of XXXX should ensure that an audit of record keeping;
checking healthcare staff’s compliance with Nursing and Midwifery Council
professional standards takes place and the outcomes are acted upon
Reviewed (PPO/NHS Area Team responsibility)
Action plans received from establishments should be regularly reviewed to
ensure that work is being taken forward appropriately. Recommendations not
accepted, or accepted in part, should also be reviewed. Whilst some
recommendations may be rejected due to semantics, others may be rejected due
to operational reasons and in both cases it would be wise to take note.
Good Practice
As well as making formal recommendations, the clinical reviewer may also
identify good practice that should be formally acknowledged in the report.
Good practice is any practice implemented at a local level that could be
usefully shared to promote learning across the prison, probation or
immigration estate.
eg: At HMP Liverpool, all prisoners aged 55 and over are seen at an Older
Prisoners Clinic. This is good practice and should be shared with other
establishments.
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