Community medicine 2020. 6-semester

Community medicine 2020. 6-semester
1. Find most correct definition of Environmental Health as a science among the following:

1. 
   A medical science that studies the impact of the environment on the health of specific population groups
   
2. 
   A branch of medicine that studies the impact of environmental factors on human health, develops measures for the prevention of their negative effects and works out optimal conditions for the preservation of health and prolonging life
   
3. 
   A field of medicine, which develops hygienic standards
   
4. 
   A branch of medicine that studies the impact of social environment on human health, develops measures to prevent its negative effects and works out optimal conditions for the preservation of health and prolonging life.
   

2. In what health characteristics the sanitary and epidemiological situation is recognized as safe:

1. 
   There is an accumulation of pathological changes in the organism.
   
2. 
   Changes in the organism mainly on the level of pre-pathology
   
3. 
   Lack of environment-related reactions
   
4. 
   Absence of ecologically caused reactions of the body.
   

3. In what characteristics of the quality of the environment the sanitary and epidemiological situation is recognized as unfavorable:

1. 
   Placement of residential areas and community facilities in protection zones of sources of intensive (excessive) environmental pollution
   
2. 
   Residence of people in the zones of effects of industrial pollution which are exceeded permissible levels
   
3. 
   Residence of people in areas free from pollution
   
4. 
   Residence of population in hot climate areas
   

4. In what socio-economic characteristics the sanitary-epidemiological situation is recognized as favorable:

1. 
   The economic burden of an environment-related disease does not exceed the costs of prevention and treatment
   
2. 
   The economic burden of an environment-related disease is comparable to the costs of prevention and treatment
   
3. 
   The economic burden caused by the increased morbidity of the population exceeds the cost of prevention and treatment of an ecopathology
   
4. 
   The economic damage is not formed under the influence of environmental factors
   

5. What is Human Habitat?

1. 
   A set of social and economic factors that have (or can have) a certain impact on health and disease of a certain group of people (the population), the effect of which is a major public health problem
   
2. 
   A collection of objects, phenomena and environmental factors (natural and manmade), which determines the conditions of human life and activity
   
3. 
   A set of biological and chemical factors that have (or can have) a certain impact on health and disease of a certain group of people (the population), the effect of which is a major public health problem
   
4. 
   Factors of the environment that determine the conditions for the existence and functioning of the human community.
   

6. Select a closest and correct definition of environmental factors:

1. 
   Biological, chemical, physical, social and other environmental factors that affect or may affect the rights and (or) the state of health of future generations.
   
2. 
   Any environmental factor that contributes to the development of various types of pathological conditions or diseases in certain population groups.
   
3. 
   Biological, chemical, physical, social and other environmental factors that affect or may affect the rights of health of future generations
   
4. 
   A set of social, biological, genetic and medical records, determining the state of illness and health.
   

7. Among the risk factors that have a certain impact on the population health please find those taking a leading position:

1. 
   The state of the environment
   
2. 
   The genetic and biological characteristics of humans
   
3. 
   Lifestyle
   
4. 
   The level of health care.
   

8. What is a health risk?

1. 
   the possibility (likelihood) of occurrence of harmful effects for health of the population (or an individual), of damage to health in a particular direction with presence of a certain hazard (so-called risk factor)
   
2. 
   the possibility (likelihood) of occurrence of harmful effects affecting the population's health in one direction or another with presence of a certain hazard (so-called risk factor)
   
3. 
   the possibility (likelihood) of occurrence of harmful effects affecting an individual's health in one direction or another with presence of a certain hazard (so-called risk factor)
   
4. 
   the likelihood (or lack there of) of occurrence of display defects for health of the population (or an individual), of any damage (explicit or indirect) to health in a particular direction when exposed to certain risk factors.
   

9. The methodological basis for the risk assessment and analysis includes:

1. 
   the social and hygienic monitoring
   
2. 
   data of incidence of the population in dynamics
   
3. 
   assessment of selected environmental factors in association to the incidence rate for various diseases
   
4. 
   hygienic ranking of residential areas as a result of a comprehensive assessment of the quality of the environment and population health status.
   

10. Hygienic norm is …:

1. 
   a qualitative indicator of the content of certain substances in the components of the natural environment
   
2. 
   permissible maximum or minimum quantitative and (or) qualitative value of a particular factor of habitat from the point of view of its safety and (or) harmlessness for human beings
   
3. 
   permissible quantitative and (or) qualitative value of a particular environmental factors from the standpoint of its safety and harmlessness to humans
   
4. 
   a quantitative indicator of the content of certain substances in the components of the natural environment.
   

11. The maximum permissible concentration is …:

1. 
   the concentration, which causes abnormalities in a body of a person directly or indirectly exposed and detected by modern study methods at the moment of exposition or in remote periods of life of present and future generations
   
2. 
   the maximum concentration, which does not cause abnormalities in a body of a person directly or indirectly exposed that are beyond the physiological responses and detectable by modern study methods in the moment of exposition or in terms of life of present and future generations, and does not degrade the living and working conditions
   
3. 
   the maximum concentration, which does not cause abnormalities beyond the adaptive physiological responses in a body of a person directly or indirectly exposed throughout his life, detectable by modern study methods at the moment of exposition or in remote periods of life of present and future generations, and not impairs the living and working conditions
   
4. 
   the minimum concentration, which causes abnormalities in a body of a person directly or indirectly exposed and detected by modern study methods at the moment of exposition or in remote periods of life of present and future generations.
   

12. Hygiene as a science is:

1. 
   an area of health sciences that studies environmental factors and their effect on human health and develop measures (sanitary norms, rules, etc.) to prevent their adverse effects, to ensure optimum living conditions, promote health and prolong life
   
2. 
   a science, which studies all environmental studies and develops preventive measures
   
3. 
   a science that studies the impact of living and working conditions on human health and develops measures
   
4. 
   an area of medicine that studies social and physical environmental factors and their effect on human health and develop measures (sanitary norms, rules, etc.) to prevent their adverse effects to ensure optimum living conditions, promote health and prolong life.
   

13. Hygiene is derived from ancient Greek word. Which one and what is its meaning?

1. 
   “Hygiena” that means “Purity”
   
2. 
   “Hygiea” that means “Health”
   
3. 
   “Hygiena” that means “an Environment”
   
4. 
   “Hygiea” that means “Life”.
   

14. What is sanitary?

1. 
   Making our environment cleaner or developing preventive measures
   
2. 
   Practical implementation of hygienic measures or making our environment healthier and safer
   
3. 
   Development of preventive measures and introduction of them into practice
   
4. 
   Healthpromotionmeasures.
   

15. What is the closest term, by which we can rename Hygiene as a science?

1. 
   Ecology
   
2. 
   Environmental studies
   
3. 
   Environmental health
   
4. 
   Community medicine
   

16. What environmental factors do you know? Choose the fullest answer.

1. 
   biological, psychological, mental, social, economical and genetic factors
   
2. 
   physical, chemical, biological, social, and human activity factors
   
3. 
   social, economical, mental, chemical and physical factors
   
4. 
   natural and non-natural factors.
   

17. What approximate share of disease burden is associated with the environmental factors?

1. 
   10-15% in adults and 15-20% in children up to 14
   
2. 
   20-25% in adults and 25-30% in children up to 14
   
3. 
   20-25% in adults and 30-35% in children up to 14
   
4. 
   10-15% in adults and 45-50% in children up to 14.
   

18. Please, find the right classification of prevention levels.

1. 
   primary, secondary and tertiary prevention
   
2. 
   primary, secondary, tertiary and primordial prevention
   
3. 
   primordial and postmordial prevention
   
4. 
   primary, secondary, tertiary, primordial and postmordial prevention
   

19. What is Primordial Prevention?

1. 
   action taken in the pathogenesis phase and which halts the progress of disease at its early stage and prevents complications
   
2. 
   action taken in pre-pathogenesis phase, prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur
   
3. 
   prevention in chronic diseases e.g., cancer, coronary heart disease, which are directed towards discouraging children from adopting harmful lifestyles, preventing risk factors of diseases through individual and mass education
   
4. 
   actions taken in late pathogenesis phase, in order to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, minimize suffering causing by existing departure from good health and to promote the patient's adjustment to irreversible conditions.
   

20. What is Primary Prevention?

1. 
   prevention in chronic diseases e.g., cancer, coronary heart disease, which are directed towards discouraging children from adopting harmful lifestyles, preventing risk factors of diseases through individual and mass education
   
2. 
   action taken in pre-pathogenesis phase, prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur
   
3. 
   action taken in the pathogenesis phase and which halts the progress of disease at its early stage and prevents complications
   
4. 
   actions taken in late pathogenesis phase, in order to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, minimize suffering causing by existing departure from good health and to promote the patient's adjustment to irreversible conditions.
   

21. What is Secondary Prevention?

1. 
   prevention in chronic diseases e.g., cancer, coronary heart disease, which are directed towards discouraging children from adopting harmful lifestyles, preventing risk factors of diseases through individual and mass education
   
2. 
   action taken in the pathogenesis phase and which halts the progress of disease at its early stage and prevents complications
   
3. 
   action taken in pre-pathogenesis phase, prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur
   
4. 
   actions taken in late pathogenesis phase, in order to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, minimize suffering causing by existing departure from good health and to promote the patient's adjustment to irreversible conditions.
   

22. What is Tertiary Prevention?

1. 
   prevention in chronic diseases e.g., cancer, coronary heart disease, which are directed towards discouraging children from adopting harmful lifestyles, preventing risk factors of diseases through individual and mass education
   
2. 
   action taken in pre-pathogenesis phase, prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur
   
3. 
   action taken in the pathogenesis phase and which halts the progress of disease at its early stage and prevents complications
   
4. 
   actions taken in late pathogenesis phase, in order to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, minimize suffering causing by existing departure from good health and to promote the patient's adjustment to irreversible conditions.