Contents: introduction chapter I family and youth

CHAPTER II BIOGRAPHY AND LITERARY WORKS OF PERSIA BYSSHE SHELLEY

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   Percy Shelley - his life
   

Percy Bysshe Shelley (August 4, 1792, Field Place, near Horsham, Sussex, England - died July 8, 1822, Leghorn, Tuscany) - English romantic poet, passionate in search of personal love and social justice. gradually evolved from open movements to poems that were best rated in English.

Shelley's grandfather, Byshy (pronounced "Bish"), was the heir to a wealthy property purchased by Shelley. The poet's father, Timothy Shelley, was a weak, ordinary man caught between a violent father and a rebellious son. The young Shelley studied at Zion House Academy (1802–04 ) and then at Eton (1804–1810), where he succumbed to imaginary escape and literary jokes while resisting physical and mental abuse. From the spring of 1810 to the spring of 1811 he published two gothic novels and two volumes of immature verse. In the autumn of 1810, Shelley entered University College Oxford, where she accepted her colleague Thomas Jefferson Hogg as a student. But in March 1811, University College expelled Shelley and Hogg for refusing to acknowledge Shelley's The Necessities of Atheism. Hogg obeyed his family, but Shelly refused to apologize to him.

At the end of August 1811, Shelley fled with Harriet Westbrook, the youngest daughter of a London tavern owner; married him and betrayed the peculiar plans of her grandfather and father, who tried to starve him to death, but incited strong-willed young men to rebel against the established order. Early in 1812 Shelley, Harriet and her older sister Eliza Westbrook moved to Dublin, where Shelley distributed pamphlets advocating Catholic political rights, autonomy and freedom of thought in Ireland. The couple traveled to Lynmouth, Devon, where Shelley published more politicalpamphlets, and then spent almost six months in North Wales, 1812-1813.

Eventually, a lack of money led Shelley to borrowers in London, where in 1813 she published her first major poem, The Nine Cantolic Bos , which was against the evils of the past and present (trade, war, war, war). a mixture of verse and lyrical dimensions. meat-eating, church, monarchy and marriage), but ends with bright hopes for the deliverance of mankind from vices. In June 1813, Harriet Shelley gave birth to their daughter Jante, but a year later Shelley fell in love with Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin , daughter of William Godwin and daughter of his first wife. Mary Wollstonecraft . Over Godwin's objections, Shelley and Mary Godwin fled to France on July 27, 1814, taking Mary's half-sister Jane (later "Claire") Clermont with them . After passing through France, Switzerland and Germany, they returned to London, where they were bypassed by the Godwins and many other friends. Until the birth of Shelley's son Charles (born November 30, 1814 in Harriet), until the death of his grandfather (January 1815) and the rules of Sir Bysshe's will, Sir Timothy was forced to pay Shelley's debts and give him an annual income. .

he read the classics with Shelley Hogg and another friend, Thomas Love Peacock, near Windsor Great Park. He also wrote Alastor ; or "The Spirit of Solitude", an empty poetic poem published in 1816 with shorter verses, cautions idealists (such as Shelley himself) not to abandon social perfection in pursuit of "sweet human love" and vain dreams. By mid-May 1816, Shelley, Mary and Clare Claremont hurried to Geneva to capture Lord Byron, who had begun working with Clare . That memorable summer, Shelley wrote Hymns to Intellectual Beauty and Mont Blanc, and Mary began her novel Frankenstein. Shelley's group returned to England in September and settled in Bath. At the end of the year, Harriet Shelley drowned in London and married on 30 December 1816 with the blessing of Shelley and Mary Godwins. But the decision of the chancellor's court recognized Shelley as unworthy to raise Ianthe and Charles (from her children Harriet), who were sponsored at their own expense.

The Shelleys settled near Peacock at Marlow, where Shelley wrote his twelve Cantonese romantic-epic Laon and Cytna; or the Golden City Revolution and Mary Shelley ended Frankenstein. Together they compiled a six-week travel story from letters and journals about their travels in Switzerland, culminating in Mont Blanc.

They arrived in Milan in April 1818 and went to Pisa and Legorn (Livorno). That summer in Bagni di Lucca, Shelley translated Plato‘s Symposium and wrote his essay On Love. He also finished writing the modest poem "Rosalind and Helen", in which he presents his fate in the person of the reformist poet Lionel, imprisoned for his radical activities and dying young after his release. Prior to this, Shelley's literary activity had been politically oriented. Queen Mab’s first poems were published in 1964 under the title Esdaile's Notebook. Laon and Kitna, and most of his prose writings deal with the reform of society; and even Alastor, Rosalind and Helen , and the lyrics of a personal song, express the preoccupation of an idealistic reformer, disillusioned or persecuted by an unpopular society. But in Italy, away from the daily fury of British politics, Shelley deepened his understanding of art and literature and failed to change the world in line with his views by focusing on translating his ideas into his poetry. His goal was to make his word “ashes and sparks” out of the “inextinguishable furnace”, as he wrote in the poem “The West Wind”, and thereby change future generations and the world through them. Later, when he distanced himself from Mary Shelley, he described it more as an aspiration , than even a realization of love: "Dream of a moth to a star, / Tomorrow night, / Devotion to a distant / our circle of sorrow. "

In August 1818, Shelley and Byron met again in Venice; Shelley remained there until October 1818 or Ested. While they were there, little Clara Shelley (b. 1817) fell ill and died. In Lines Written on the Hills of Eugene ( published by Rosalind and Helen ), Shelley writes that the revelations from the beautiful view from the hill near the Este brought her back from despair to hopes for Italy's political recovery, thereby changing the scene. “To the green island. . . / In the deep sea of misery. He also started Juliana and Maddalo - in which Byron (" Maddalo ") and Shelley discuss human nature and destiny - and developed Prometheus I Act of Unbound . In November 1818, the " Shells" set off via Rome to Naples, where they remained until the end of February 1819.

After settling in nearby Rome, Shelley continued Prometheus Unbound and described the tragedy in an Elizabethan model based on the phenomenon of rape and patricianism between relatives in 16th - century Rome. He completed the drama in the summer of 1819 near Livorno, where the Shelleys fled in June after another child, William Shelley (b. 1816), died of malaria. Shelley herself calls Cenci "the bitter truth" as opposed to previous "revelations". . . beautiful and fair." Memorable characters, classic five-act structure, strong and impressive language and ethics the suspense still makes the Cenci theatrically spectacular. However, this is a lesser known achievement than Shelley's completion of Prometheus Unbound: A Lyric Drama in Florence in the autumn of 1819, just before the birth of Percy Florence Shelley, Mary Shelley's only surviving child. Both plays appeared around 1820.

In Prometheus, Shelley turns the plot of Aeschylus' lost play into a poem that combines various intricate lyrical dimensions. In the first act, Prometheus, martyred for bestowing spiritual freedom on mankind at the behest of Jupiter, remembers Jupiter's former curse and forgives him ("Let no living being suffer"). Prometheus , who embodied the moral will, avoided revenge and could join his beloved Asia, a spiritual ideal that transcends humanity ; when his love is overthrown by a mysterious force known as Jupiter Demogorgon, it prevents him from becoming yet another tyrant. The second part begins with the awakening of Asia and her journey to Prometheus, when she descends into the depths of nature to confront Demogorgon and question him. Act III depicts the overthrow of Jupiter and the union of Asia and Prometheus, who left the throne of Jupiter empty, retired to a cave and influenced the world through ideals embodied in creative art. At the end of the document, the renewal of both human society and the natural world is described. The fourth act opens with joyful spirit songs depicting a benevolent transfiguration of the human mind. Later, other spirits praise the beauty of humanity and nature in this new millennium; Finally, Demogorgon tells all beings that if the fragile state of grace is lost, they can regain their moral freedom with these "spells":

Experiencing sadness that hope is limitless;

The forgiveness of sins is darker than death or night;

Rebellion against a Power that seems mighty;

Love and Endurance; hope until hope is created

From his own destruction of what he thought. . .

Prometheus Unchained was written after being punished by the "sad truth" but before he began to fear that he would not be able to reach out to the public. The poems "Revenge to the wind", "Cloud" and "Heavenly stork" were published.

After completing Prometheus Unleashed and The Cenci, Shelley wrote "Mask of Anarchy" and several radical songs on the news of the Peterloo massacre in England (August 1819), and he was an active but non-violent politician of the British people. In 1819 he sent Peter Bell III to England , where he became acquainted with the literary satire of William Wordsworth . ) wrote a prose work , The Philosophical Perspective of Reform, which called for moderate reforms to prevent a bloody revolution that could lead to new oppression. reformist elections, Peter Bell III and the Political Ballads of 1839–1840, and A Philosophical View of Reforms Before 1920.

After moving to Pisa in 1820, Shelley faced hostile criticism in order to express her hopes more cautiously. His heroic couplets "A Letter to Mary of Gisburne" and "The Witches of Atlas" in Ottawa of Rome (both published 1820; 1824) combined the mythological style of "Prometheus Unbound" with the urban self-mockery of Peter Bell III. Shelley knows that others may find her ideals simple. At the end of that year, Oedipus Tyrannus ; or his satirical drama The Tyrant of Swellfoot, which was prosecuted for adultery by Caroline (the divorced wife of King George IV) , appeared anonymously but was quickly suppressed. And in 1821, Shelley reaffirmed her uncompromising idealism. Epipsisidion (in pairs) mythologizes that the young admirer Teresa ("Emilia"), tied to a monastery, turns her love for Viviani into a fantasy tale and that human desires can be fulfilled through art. In his Defense of Poetry (published in 1840), the poet emphasizes that he creates human values and imagines the forms that form the social order: thus each mind recreates its own world and "Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world." . . Recalling the death of Adonais by John Keats, a pastoral elegy in Spencerian bytes, he states that although we are "like corpses/corpses in a canal", Adonais’s creative spirit "came out of the shadow of our night" despite his physical death.

One stays, many change

and transition;

Heavenly light shines forever, Earthly

shadows fly;

colored glass,

Paints the white light of eternity,

Until death tore him apart.

Hellas (published in 1822) glorifies the Greek revolution against Turkish rule and echoes the political message of Laon and Kitna - that the struggle for human freedom cannot be completely defeated or completely realized, for the ideal is higher than its earthly symbols.

After Byron arrived in Pisa at the end of 1821, Shelley thwarted his existence and in the first months of 1822 completed only a number of urban but nostalgic songs (mainly addressed to Jane Williams). He started the drama "Karl the First". but soon left him. After Shelley , Edward and Jane Williams moved to Lérit , Shelley embarked on "Life's Victory", which she said continued until Leghorne sailed off to meet her friend Leigh Hunt , who had come to edit a magazine . Liberal. Shelley and Edward Williams sank on July 8, 1822, on a turbulent return trip to Lerik, when their boat sank.

Mary Shelley conscientiously collected the unpublished works of her late husband, and by 1840, with the help of Hunt and others, she had spread her fame and many of her writings . A careful study of Shelley's publications and manuscripts then shed light on her profound knowledge, clear thinking, and fine craftsmanship. Shelley was an avid idealist and accomplished artist who, by developing sensuous themes within traditional poetic forms, extended language to the limits of the expression of personal desires and social altruism.

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