Contextual semantic functions of the nuclear sentence patterns in expending the communicative intention of the speaker and ways of their teaching

English irregular verbs (except to be, to do, to have and to say) have at most three principal parts:

	Part	Example
1	infinitive	write
2	preterite	wrote
3	past participle	written

Strong verbs like write have all three distinct parts, for a total of five forms (e. g. write, writes, wrote, written, writing). The more irregular weak verbs also require up to three forms to be learned. Additionally, the verbs do, say, and have have irregular forms in the present tense third-person singular (although the first two are only irregular in speech). The highly irregular copular verb to be has eight forms: be, am, is, are, being, was, were, and been (in addition to the archaic forms art, wast, wert, and beest), of which only one is derivable from a principal part (being is derived from be). Verbs had more forms when the pronoun thou was still in regular use and there was a number distinction in the second person. To be, for instance, had art, wast and wert. Most of the strong verbs that survive in modern English are considered irregular. Irregular verbs in English come from several historical sources; some are technically strong verbs (i.e., their forms display specific vowel changes of the type known as ablaut in linguistics); others have had various phonetic changes or contractions added to them over the history of English.
Identified in English by a capitalized initial letter in its first word and by a period (or full stop) at the end of its last word, the sentence is the largest constituent of grammar. A text that contains more than one sentence is no longer in the realm of grammar, but rather of discourse, as are all conversations, howsoever brief. Sentences themselves consist of clauses which are the principal constituents of grammar. A clause consists of a subject, which is usually a noun phrase, and a predicate which is usually a verb phrase with an accompanying grammatical unit in the form of an object or complement.
An independent clause is characterized by having a subject and predicate without any words or phrases that link the function of that clause to another clause, causing the first clause to become dependent upon the other clause for its greater meaning. The independent clause includes relatively simplistic sentences:
"My mother baked a cake." "The dog was brown."
However, it also includes seemingly ornate sentences that contain many prepositional phrases:
"Considering the alternative, the certain demise of our dear friend is quite comforting."
"Altruism in its purest sense can claim no interest in or motive for or boon from the benefit of another."