Contextual semantic functions of the nuclear sentence patterns in expending the communicative intention of the speaker and ways of their teaching

Subject + vt	DO
Adverbial phrase
1	Don’t let the child put	his head	out of the car window/into the plastic bag.
2	The secretary showed	me to	the door/into the reception room.
3	Please put	these papers	on that desk/in that file/in my briefcase.

In this pattern adverbial particles are used. When the DO is a personal pronoun, the adverbial particle follows. When the DO is a noun or noun phrase, the adverbial particle may either follow or precede. If the DO is long, the adverbial particle usually precedes.

№	Subject + vt	DO	Adverbial particle
1	Take	them/your shoes	off.
2	Don’t throw	it/that old hat	away.
3	Did you wind	it/the clock	up?

or

№	Subject + vt	Adverbial particle	DO
1	Lock	up	all your valuables.
2	She gave	away	all her old clothes.
3	Don’t forget to switch	off	the lights in all the rooms downstairs.

In this pattern there is an adverbial adjunct which is an infinitive phrase. This may be introduced by in order to or so as to, is to be distinguished from (with the same word order). This pattern is for the verb be. The subject complement may be a noun, a pronoun, an adjective, an adjective phrase (e.g. a prepositional group). There may be an adverbial adjunct or an infinitive phrase.

№	Subject + BE	subject complement/adjunct
1	This is	a book.
2	This suitcase is	mine.
3	The children are	asleep.
4	This book is	for you.
5	This is	where I work.

There are variations with introductory there/it.

№	There/It + BE	Subject
1	There was	a large crowd.
2	It was impossible	to go further.
3	It was a pity	the weather was so bad.

This pattern is for verbs which may be used without a complement. Such verbs are called complete intransitive verbs. Adjuncts are possible but not essential.

№	Subject	vi
1	We all	breathe, drink and eat.
2	The moon	rose.
3	A period of political unrest	followed.

There are variations with introductory there/it: There followed a long period of political unrest. It doesn’t matter whether we start now or later.
That-clauses are possible after seem, appear, happen, chance and follow.
It seemed (that) the day would never end. It so chanced/happened (that) we were out when she called. It doesn’t follow (that) they are husband and wife.
Verbs in this pattern are used with an adverbial adjunct of distance, duration, weight, cost, etc. For may occur before adverbials of distance and duration. An indirect object may occur after cost, last and take (meaning ‘require’).

№	Subject + vi	(for) + adverbial adjunct
1	We walked	(for) five miles.
2	The meeting lasted	(for) two hours.
3	The book cost (me)	£1.20.
4	The box weights	five kilos.

Many intransitive verbs are used with an adverbial adjunct (including an adverbial particle alone, or an adverbial particle followed by a preposition).

№	Subject + vi	Adverbial adjunct
1	Go	away!
2	Please come	in.
3	I’ll soon	up with you.
4	It’s getting	on for midnight.
5	It looks	like rain/as if it were going to rain.

Although predicted by the verb, the Op in this ditransitive pattern (e.g. it reminds me of you) is further away from the verb and less object-like than when the Prepositional Object is the only object in a clause. The NG [you) can't be made subject in a passive clause. However, like other Objects, it encodes a participant that can be questioned by who 1, whet 2 placed either before the preposition or. more usually, stranded. It can also occur in a wh-cleft 3:
Who does it remind you of? (Of whom does it remind you?)
What are you thanking me for? (For what are you thanking me?)
What it reminds me of is Italy.
In discourse, this element may be omitted when its referee is understood, аs in They blamed me (for something already mentioned). The Direct Object is usually a person and the Op may be an entity or an event. Some of the verbs taking this construction are listed here according to preposition Remember that a NG is placed between the verb and the preposition. Some verbs taking Prepositional Object as well as Direct Object

for	from	of	to	with	on
blame	prevent	accuse	introduce	charge	compliment
thank	protect	convince	help	compare	congratulate

Ex.:

S	P	Od	Op
This sunblock	will protect	your skin	from the sun’s rays.
They	robbed	her	of her watch and jewels.
They	charged	him	with assault.
I	congratulated	Janet	on her success.

Only the direct object constituent can become subject in the passive clause: Your skin will be protected from the sun-rays. She was robbed of her watch and jewels. He was charged with assault. Janet was congratulated on her success.
Blame, a three-place verb, admits two alternative constructions with different prepositions, which reflect the way the event is viewed in each case. The more central Domain adjuncts signal from what viewpoint the message is orientated (technologically, legally, saleswise, etc.): Quite frankly, it seems to me a lot of bullshit. Medically, the project has little to recommend it.
Stance adjuncts can be realized by adverbs, prepositional phrases, finite and non-finite clauses:
Adverbs: surely, obviously, frankly, honestly, confidentially, hopefully, probably.
PPs: in fact, in reality, at a rough guess, by any chance, of course.
Non-fin cl: to be honest, to tell the truth, strictly speaking.
Fin. cl: if I may be frank with you…; don't take this personally, but…
These tell us how the speaker or writer understands the semantic connection between two utterances, or parts of an utterance, while indicating the semantic relationship holding between them: The hotel was rather noisy. On the other hand, it wasn't expensive (contrast). They are not therefore elements of structure, but connectors of structure¹⁴:
Between groups: Lord Shaftesbury was a persuasive speaker and furthermore a great pioneer of social reform.
Between clauses: The students are on strike; nevertheless, the examinations will not be cancelled.
Between sentences: He has been undergoing treatment for asthma since he was a boy. Consequently, he never went in for sports.
Between paragraphs: In addition to all this… First of all… In conclusion…
That is to say, such connectors occur at some boundary established at a significant point in the organisation of the text. They have a textual function. Semantically, many different types of connection can be expressed. Here, we shall briefly exemplify four main types:
Additive: besides, in the same way, what's more, moreover, plus (AmE), as well, also.
Contrast: instead, on the contrary, on the other hand, nevertheless, rather, yet.
Causal: for, because, so, therefore, then, in that case, consequently, thus.
Temporal: first, then, next, after that, finally, at once.
These express the speaker's evaluation or comment on the content of the message, or the viewpoint adopted. Syntactically, they often remain somewhat separate from the clause, since their message refers to the whole of the clause or sentence. For this reason, they are usually found before the clause or after it, as in the first two examples below. But they can also be placed parenthetically or between commas, within a clause or sentence, as in the last two: Naturally, he spoke to me when he saw me. He spoke to me when he saw me, naturally. He naturally spoke to me when he saw me. He spoke to me, naturally, when he saw me.
Textually stance adjuncts are of three main kinds: epistemic, evidential and evaluative.
Epistemic stance adjuncts - Do you believe me? Of course I do.
These express the speaker's opinion regarding the validity of the content, commenting on the certainty, doubt, possibility and obviousness of the proposition: Undoubtedly, he is the finest pianist alive today. Obviously, he'll rely on you even more now. Evidential adjuncts - Apparently the picture is a fake. These signal the source of knowledge or information. Sources range from the speaker's own experience or belief (In my view/In my experience) to the beliefs or accounts of others (According to… In the words of… and finally hearsay - supposedly, apparently): According to the weather forecast, there's a hurricane on the way.