Copyright 1996

Traditional Vietnamese Medical Theory
1 The beliefs of Vietnamese folk medicine 
associate illness with the absence of any of the 
three souls which maintain life, intelligence, 
and the senses, or of the nine spirits which 
collectively sustain the living body A number 
of rituals performed at childbirth, which are 
aimed at protecting the mother and the infant 
from medical and magical dangers, derive 
from these beliefs, but they play a relatively 
limited role in medical behaviour generally 
Conversely, Chinese medicine plays a major 
role in the maintenance and restoration of 
health and ib observed by ethnic 
Vietnamese 
and by Vietnamese-Chinese 
Principles 
from Chinese medicine provide the 
scripting for the management of 
birth for both groups, and more 
generally, establish guidelines 
whereby good health may be 
maintained 
2 According to Sino-Vietnamese 
medical theory, the body has two 
vital and opposite life forces which 
capture the essence of ym (breath) and yang 
(blood) in accordance with the 'five evolutive 
phases' (wood, fire, earth, metal and water) 
The proper circulation and balance of the ym 
and ymig ensure the healthy circulation of 
blood and thus good health, disequilibrium 
nnd disharmony cause ill health Illness, 
physical and mental, can be identified by the 
imbalance or excess of ym over yang oryang 
over ym Foods and medicine, also classified 
according to their reputed intrinsic nature as 
ym (cold) and ynng (hot), may be taken 
therapeutically to correct the imbalance 
resulting from ill health, or to correct 
imbalance due to the overindulgence in a food 
manifestly excessively 'hot' or 'cold', or due to 
age or changed physiological status (for 
example, pregnancy) 
3. Foodstuffs may also be identified as tonic or 
antitonic, toxic or poison, or as having wind A 
further small group of foods are ascribed 
magical properties Other foods may be 
classified as neutral or remain outside any 
classification system, and hence have no overt 
therapeutic use 
4 While the classification of foods as hot, cold, 
tonic, poison, windy, magic and neutral is 
based on the intrinsic nature of the foods, in 
practice they are identified predominantly 
according to their physical effects on the 
body 
Ultimately, the system is both individual 
and arbitrary, and there appears no 
firm correlation to the raw and 
cooked states of the food, the 
method of cooking, the 
spicmess, or the calorific value 
of the food 
5 In general, leafy vegetables, 
and most fruit are classified as 
cold and are said to cool the body, 
meat, condiments, alcohol, and fatty 
foods are classified as hot and are said to heat 
the body Tonic foods, believed to increase the 
volume of blood and to promote health and 
energy, include 'protein-rich' foods, high fat, 
sugar, and carbohydrate foods (fried food, 
sweet fruit, honey and rice), and medicines 
(alcohol and vitamins) Sour foods, and 
sometimes raw and cold foods, tend to be 
considered antitonic and are believed to 
deplete the volume of blood Wind foods 
include raw foods, leafy vegetables, and fruit, 
and often are classified as cold, they reputedly 
cause wind illness such as rheumatism and 
arthritis Beef, mutton, fowl, fish, glutinous 
rice, and long bananas are considered 
potentially toxic and may cause convulsions, 
skin irritation and infection 

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Questions 1-4 
There are 5 paragraphs in Reading Passage 1 Traditional Vietnamese Medical 
Theory. Below is a list of possible headings for the paragraphs. The headings are 
numbered A-H. From the list, choose the best heading for each paragraph. Write 
your answer A-H, in the spaces numbered 1-4 on the answer sheet. One has been 
done for you as an example. 
There are more headings than paragraphs, so you won't use all of them. 
Example: 
Answer:
Paragraph 3 
B