Copyright 1996

Fire Tests 
Most hres start in a building's contents, not its
As the chair continues to burn the layer gets
structure Understanding how fire grows
hotter and thicker, and after 2 minutes it starts
indoors — in enclosed spaces — is the first step
radiating heat back down to the chair and
in limiting its potential for death and
other furniture in the room After 3 minutes or
destruction Fire tests have been around for
so the trapped heat can become so intense that
years, and most building codes make reference
we see 'flash-over'— everything in the room,
to them Some, however, are obsolete, in the
including combustible gases, has reached
sense that they can't accommodate a growing
ignition point and bursts into flame
number of new materials in new 
configurations Nor can they rank items in
Experiments have shown that some
order of flammability What is needed are
polyurethane armchairs can, 5 minutes after
graded tests that attach numbers to the degree
ignition, give out 1-2 megawatts of heat That's
of flammabihty These numbers could then be
no more than a lively incinerator produces, but
plugged into suitable computer models The
when it's confined in a room it can easily
computer could work out the total flammability
induce flash-over After flash-over anybody
of an item, depending on what it's made of, how
still in the room would be dead People rarely
it's put together, and where it's placed
appreciate how quickly a small fire indoors can
turn into a deadly inferno They waste time 
Computer models are becoming important in
going to the laundry to get a bucket of water
fire research Scientists are hoping that one day,
instead of making sure everybody else is out of
with enough data and sufficiently powerful
the house By the time they get back, the fire
computers, they will be able to calculate,
will almost certainly be out of control
without actually setting fire to anything, the
Billowing clouds of smoke and toxic gases
way a fire will spread in any given building
quickly spill through doorways and along
halls, enveloping and incapacitating sleeping
A fire indoors is a very different animal from
occupants in the rest of the house
one outdoors When you put a match to your
incinerator, the flames build up steadily Most
You can appreciate that modelling the entire
of the heat is lost to the atmosphere, so you
course of an indoor fire on a computer is a 
have no trouble staying close by 
daunting task The program needs to consider
the flaming combustion zone, the rising thermal
Inside a room, it obeys different and more
plume above it, the hot gas layer beneath the
complex physics, and the danger quietly
ceiling, and ventilation Turbulence of air is \ cry
multiplies First, instead of a match, imagine a
difficult to model because large eddies can grow
cigarette dropped into the back of a lounge
from features as small as 0 1 mm across
chair Cigarettes, you should know, are among
the major causes of fires in houses A carelessly
Nevertheless, fire researchers overseas have
Jiscarded cigarette can stay alight in a
simplified models to study aspects of fire
oncealed crevice for as long as 45 minutes
behaviour in homes, hospitals, aircraft, tunnels,
rhen, after smouldering away, the chair's
stadiums, shopping malls and airports For
upholstery suddenly ignites Within perhaps 30
example, the Fire Research Station in Britain
seconds, smoke, combustion gases, and heat
has spent 7 years developing 'Jasmine', which
^egm curling upwards, and before 1 minute
can show how air circulates into a burning 
las passed, they have started building up in a
building and how the smoke layer deepens 
rapped layer under the ceiling
with time

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In the United States, the National Bureau of 
and heat build-up. Most existing tests, as we 
Standards has developed ASET, which 
have noted, fail to provide the necessary data. 
calculates 'available safe egress lime'. This fire- 
They will need to be modified, or a whole new 
growth model requires figures for rates of mass 
generation of tests devised.
loss, smoke release, production of toxic gases,