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Current Trends in Dental Morphology Research CONTENTS
Dental Anthropology in Scotland: A Morphological Comparison of Four Scottish Samples in the Framework of Northern Europe.................................... 25
Forensic Applications of Dental Morphology in the Southwestern United States................................................................................................................... 39
Anna Wojtaszek-Słomińska
Macroscopic Evaluation of Dental Condition in the Roman Period Population in the Area of Pruszcz Gdański ........................................................ 51
Morphometric Analysis of Mousterian Era Teeth from the Caucasus................ 61 Maria Kaczmarek
Biological Variation in Human Skeletal Remains from the Neolithic Site at Kadero (Central Sudan): An Odontometric Data............................................ 77
Shizushima, Taiichiro Kawasaki, Hiroaki Ichikawa, Toshitaka Yamazaki, Kayoko Sasaki, Ji Xueping, Guo Dalie
Tooth Size of Chinese Ethnic Minorities, Naxi and Pumi in Yunnan Province .............................................................................................................. 89
The Changing Crown Morphology of Maxillary First Molars and Its Effect on the Efficiency of Mastication .............................................................. 97
Associations between 3D Structural Deviations in the Neighborhood of Cranial Landmarks and the Degree of Dental Wear ......................................... 105
The Third Hand: Neolithic Basket Makers of abu Hureyra.............................. 115 Current Trends in Dental Morphology Research
4 Serhiy Segeda, Janusz Piontek, Artur Rewekant
Odontological Analysis of Wielbark Culture Population from Kowalewko Cemetery, Poland.............................................................................................. 127
Mineralogical Phenomena in Bones and Teeth from Selected Archaeological Sites in Egypt........................................................................... 141
Odontological Status of the Human Population Lived in Minsk in XVIII–XIX Centuries ....................................................................................... 159
Dariusz Chlubek, Izabela Gutowska
Analysis of the Health Condition of Historical Populations from Templars’ Commandery in Rurka and Chwarszczany Based on Anatomical, Anthropological and Biochemical Evaluation of their Dentition ........................................................................................................... 165
A Description of Nuer and Dinka Anterior Tooth Extractions, Practices, and a Preliminary Odontometric Analysis of the Remaining Permanent Dentition ........................................................................................................... 177
DNA from Medieval Teeth: Approach to Sex Identification of Infant and Child Remains................................................................................................... 191
Shara E. Bailey
Diagnostic Dental Differences between Neandertals and Upper Paleolithic Modern Humans: Getting to the Root of the Matter......................................... 201
Mind the Gap: Creating Space for the Permanent Molars in the Developing Primate Mandible .......................................................................... 211
Dental Ecomorphology of Extant European Carnivorans................................. 223 Current Trends in Dental Morphology Research
5 Randi Furseth Klinge, M. Christopher Dean, Anette E. Gunnæs, Meave G. Leakey
Microscopic Structure and Mineral Distribution in Tooth and Periodontal Tissues in a Robust Australopithecine Fossil Hominid from Koobi Fora, Kenya................................................................................................................ 233
Cranial Ontogeny in Neandertal Children: Evidence from Neurocranium, Face and Mandible............................................................................................ 243
Dean
Premolar Root Number Variation in Hominoids: Genetic Polymorphism vs. Functional Significance............................................................................... 257
Ertl
New Insights into the Pneumatization Pattern of the Alveolar Process in Cebidae ............................................................................................................. 269
Relationship between Cusps and Roots of Desmostylus Molar (Mammalia: Desmostylia) ..................................................................................................... 279
Kanazawa
Environmental Contribution to Variation in Tooth and Dental Arch Size of Macaca fascicularis...................................................................................... 283
Sylwia Baran, Anna Ignyś, Iwona Ignyś
Genetically Determined Craniofacial and Dental Abnormalities in Patients with Marfanoid Habitus .................................................................................... 297
Deciduous Tooth Size in Opposite Sex Twins.................................................. 301 Aida Kusiak, Maciej Jarząbek, Janusz Limon, Barbara Kochańska
Amelogenesis Imperfecta: Report of One Family ............................................ 311 Barbara Liśniewska-Machorowska, Agnieszka Pisulska-Otremba, Agnieszka Machorowska-Pienią ek
Hemifacial Microsomia and Dental Development............................................ 319 Current Trends in Dental Morphology Research
6 Mitsuko Nakayama, Raija Lähdesmäki, Eisaku Kanazawa, Lassi Alvesalo
Analysis of Carabelli’s Trait in Maxillary Second Deciduous and Permanent Molars in 45,X and 45,X/46,XX Females ...................................... 325
Ectodermal Dysplasia in One of Twin Sisters from Łódź – Case Report......... 333 Grant C. Townsend, Toby Hughes, Lindsay Richards
The Dentitions of Monozygotic Twin Pairs: Focussing on the Differences Rather than the Similarities............................................................................... 337
aDNA Sequence Information and Its Extraction from Ancient Tooth after Morphological Analysis.................................................................................... 353
Dańska, El bieta ądzińska, Anna Wrzesińska, Jacek Wrzesiński, Małgorzata Karasińska, Magdalena Kołodziejczak, Małgorzata Perenc, Jerzy Nadolski
DNA from Medieval Teeth: CTLA4, HLA DQB and INS Alleles that Predispose to Autoimmune Disorders............................................................... 363
M. Christopher Dean, Catriona F. Munro
Enamel Growth and Enamel Thickness in Human Teeth from Ovarian Teratomas.......................................................................................................... 371
Peterkova
The Early Development of the Human Upper Deciduous Dentition in 3D Reconstructions................................................................................................. 383
Chisaka, Hitoshi Yamamoto, Kunihiro Suzuki
Development of Ameloblasts Grouping and Aancing in Indian Elephant Molar Tooth Germs........................................................................................... 391
A Survey over the Variation of the Exchange from Deciduous Dentition into Permanent Dentition .................................................................................. 395
Tooth Formation in Australian Aborigines....................................................... 405 Current Trends in Dental Morphology Research
7 Jean-Marie Meyer, Pierre Steuer, Nobuko Obara, Jean-Luc Vonesch, Hervé Lesot
Histogenesis of the Inner Dental Epithelium during Molar Development in the Mouse.......................................................................................................... 411
Morphogenesis of the Human Dentition. What We Know and What We do not Know...................................................................................................... 421
Morphology of the Dentino-Enamel Junction – Morphogenetic Aspects ........ 439 Tanya M. Smith
New Evidence for the Periodicity of Incremental Structures in Enamel .......... 445 Beata Szydłowska, Agnieszka Bruzda-Zwiech, Magdalena Wochna-Sobańska
Starting of Secondary Teething in Children Living in Łódź............................. 457 Technology....................................................................................................... 465 Alan H. Brook, Darren L. Lath, Brenda J. Brook, Richard N. Smith
Further Consideration of the Aetiology of Developmental Anomalies of the Dentition ..................................................................................................... 467
Al-Sharood, Anwar A. Shah, Khaled Khalaf, David L. Robinson, Darren L. Lath, Mayada Karmo
The Measurement of Tooth Morphology: Validation of an Image Analysis System............................................................................................................... 475
Hominoid Enamel and Dentin Volumes by Means of HRXCT and 3D Reconstruction .................................................................................................. 483
A New Approach to Dental Microwear in Primates – A Pilote Study.............. 501 Nadezda V. Lupacheva
Applying the Method of Principal Components for Describing and Understanding the Dental Arcs Variability....................................................... 517
Tomasz Janikowski, Katarzyna Łagowska, Tomasz Stefańczyk
Application of Modern Diagnostic Methods in Dentistry. (Practical Application of Spatial Visualization of Plaster Casts of Maxilla and Mandible).......................................................................................................... 531
Current Trends in Dental Morphology Research ODONTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF WIELBARK CULTURE POPULATION FROM KOWALEWKO CEMETERY, POLAND SERHIY SEGEDA 1 2 , ARTUR REWEKANT 2
The aim of the study is the assessment of biological distance between populations from Roman period on the basis of the frequency of odontological traits. It is well known that these traits are characterised by high inter-population differentiation, low sexual dimorphism, and their recording is loaded by relatively small intra and inter observer error. They also complete their growth early during the development and they are less sensitive than bones to unfavourable environmental conditions. The odontological traits are successfully used in the description and explanation of the microevolutionary and ethnogenetic processes. This paper presents the results of the odontological differentiation of human populations identified by the archaeologists with Wielbark Culture and Czerniachów Culture from Roman period. The results may to some extent verify or reject the hypothesis concerning the continuation or discontinuation of the settlement of Oder and Vistula river-basin at the turn of the ancient and the early mediaeval times. The skeletal material under study consists of permanent teeth that belonged to 80 individuals coming from the burial ground in Kowalewko in Great Poland from Roman period (1 st –3 rd c.
A.D.). Eighteen odontological traits were taken into account. The comparative analysis was carried out on the basis of 12 populations (2 additional Wielbark ones, and 4 Czerniachów and Balts groups respectively). The frequency of the odontological traits among all populations was analysed using principal component analysis. From the obtained results we can draw following conclusions: The populations of Wielbark Culture and Czerniachów Culture can not be differentiated as far as the frequency of odontological traits are concerned. They also exhibit similar intragroup variability. The Balts are characterised by a different frequency of 4 out of 8 traits in comparison with the above-mentioned craniological series; the odontological traits differentiate to a high degree populations belonging to varied ethnic
Serhiy Segeda et al.
128 and cultural complexes and are a good tool for investigating the biological variability of skeletal populations INTRODUCTION The aim of the study is the assessment of biological distance between populations in Central Europe from the Roman period on the basis of the analysis of the frequency of odontological traits. These traits are characterised by high inter-population differentiation and the analysis of their occurrence enables researchers to obtain data concerning the genetic relationships between human populations identified with different ethnic complexes. Odontological traits are used successfully in the description and explanation of both evolutionary and microevolutionary processes . Since teeth complete their growth during the early stages of an individual’s development, they are greatly determined genetically and their morphological structures are sensitive to only slightly to environmental influences. Teeth are usually well preserved in archaeological material and are often the only source of observations of human remains (Kaczmarek, 1992; Kaczmarek and Py uk, 1985; Kozak-Zychman and Segeda, 1996, Papreckiené, 1981; Zubov, 1974, 1998; Zubov and Chaldieheva, 1979, 1989, 1993). For many years in the fields of anthropology, archaeology and linguistics there has been
a heated discussion about the process of Slavs ethnogenesis. Recently, this has lead to many controversial hypotheses that influence the historical and ethnic interpretations (Godłowski, 2000; Piontek, 1991, 1992, 1993). The results of this paper on the odontological differentiation of Wielbark and Czerniachów populations from Roman period may to some extent verify or reject the hypothesis that refers to the continuation or discontinuation of the settlement in Oder and Vistula river-basin at the turn of the ancient and the early mediaeval times. MATERIAL AND METHODS The skeletal material comes from the burial ground in Kowalewko in Great Poland 20 kilometers to the North of Poznań. The excavations were carried on for 4 years between 1995–1998 by the archaeologists from the Archaeological Museum in Poznań in co-operation with an anthropologist from the Institute of Anthropology of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Skorupka, 2001). Odontological Analysis of Wielbark Culture Population
129
The excavations resulted in the exploration of 498 skeletal and cremation graves The archaeological description of the cemetery and its chronological and cultural characteristics were presented by Makiewicz (1998) and Skorupka (2001) who identified the population from Kowalewko with Wielbark Culture. The cemetery was dated to the
Roman period, from the second half of 1 st c.
to the beginning of the 3 rd c. A.D. It was used for about 170 years (seven generations) and one generation is supposed to have been composed of 80 persons (Makiewicz, 1996). The skeletons were badly preserved and only several skulls and long bones were analysed. The better
state of preservation presented fragments of maxillae and mandible with teeth (Rewekant and Segeda, 2001).
The skeletal material under study consists of permanent teeth that belonged to 80 individuals. Their age at death and sex were estimated according to the methods recommended by European anthropologists (Piontek, 1999). As for the sex estimations it was impossible to always use the same traits since the skeletons were fragmentary. In most cases traits of the skull and pelvis were taken into account and occasionally ones that express sexual dimorphism to Serhiy Segeda et al.
130 a lesser degree. Twenty percent of the individuals remained unsexed. Age at the time of death was estimated on the basis of the degree of ossification of various morphological structures. The number of erupted permanent teeth and the length of long bone shafts were used to estimate the age at death of children (Stloukal and Hánaková, 1977; Ubelaker, 1989). The age at death of adult individuals was estimated taking into account the degree of cranial suture obliteration, tooth-wear patterns and, in some cases, phases of pubic symphysis modification and dimensions of epiphyses medullary cavities of humerus and femur. Overall, teeth belonging to 14 male, 32 female and 14 child skeletons were analysed. Since in the case of 13 individuals it was not possible to estimate sex and more precise age at death they were included in this group of persons who had died during their adult life (over 20). The frequency of eighteen odontological traits of the
permanent teeth were analysed. All traits were recorded according to the methodology used in physical anthropology and described by Turner (1987) for ASU project (Arizona State University) and also by Zubov (1968, 1974, 1977), based on research projects realised by Russian anthropologists and anthropologists from various countries in Asia and Central and Eastern Europe (Balčiùniené and Jankauskas, 1993; Balčiūnien and Malinowski, 1993; Ismagulov and Sichimbajeva, 1989; Kaczmarek, 1979, 1980a, 1981a, 1981b, 1988, 1991, 1992; Kaczmarek and Py uk, 1985; Kaszybadze, 1984; Kozak-Zychman and Segeda, 1994; Papreckiené, 1981; Papreckiené and Česnys, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1987; Salivon, 1972; Segeda, 1989, 1993, 1994, 2000, 2001; Stęślicka, 1967, 1970; Zubov, 1973, 1998; Zubov and Chaldiejeva, 1979, 1989, 1993; ądzińska, 1996). Description of traits was made mainly in accordance with definitions proposed by Zubov (1968, 1974) considering the necessity for comparison with other results for populations from Eastern and Central Europe. Particular traits were observed on the basis of different numbers of individuals (from 34 to 68). The frequency of each trait in the studied group and also the frequency of its variants were calculated. Following odontological traits were used in comparative analysis: 1) shovelling of I 1 ; 2) Carabelli’s cusp on M 1 ; 3) four-cusped forms on M 1 ; 4) fix-cusped forms on M 1 ; 5) four-cusped forms on M 2 ; 6) deflecting wrinkle of the metaconid of M 1 ; 7) the variant 2med II position of the second furrow of the metaconid on M 1
8) distal crest of trigonid on M 1.
Odontological Analysis of Wielbark Culture Population
131 The above-mentioned traits were selected from the eighteen ones analysed by (Rewekant and Segeda, 2001) taking into account following criteria: 1) the traits should not reveal inter-correlations as for the frequency of occurrence; 2) they should reveal high inter-group variability; 3) their degree or variant of formation can not change with an individual’s age, 4) it should be easy to find comparative data for different populations. The frequency of eight odontological traits in the population from Kowalewko was compared with data for 13 groups composed of: 2 populations identified by the archaeologists with Wielbark Culture (Gródek and Masłomęcz), 7 groups of Czerniachów Culture and also 4 Balts groups dated to the first century A.D., that represent different ethnic complex in comparison with the population under study.
Teeth of the population from Kowalewko are characterised by low frequency of distortion I 2 – 2.9%, low and medium frequency of diastema I 1 – 9.1%, low frequency of shovelling of I 1 – 3.8% and medium frequency of shovelling of I 2
– 15.2%. The occurrence of high reduction of upper second incisors was not recorded (variants 2 and 3). The frequency of Carabelli’s cusp on M 1 was very high – 61.9% (Table 1). Table 1. The number and the frequency of particular odontological traits Trait
Variant of trait
Number of the studied teeth Frequency (%)
Distortion of I2
34 100.0
0 33 97.1
+ 1 2.9 Diastema I2 – I2
22
100.0
0 20 90.9
+ 2 9.1 Reduction of I2
45
100.0
0 37 82.2
1 8 17.8
2 0 0.0
3 0 0.0 Shovelling of I1
53
100.0
0 16 30.2
1 35 66.0
2 2 3.8
Serhiy Segeda et al.
132 Trait Variant of trait Number of the studied teeth Frequency (%)
0 0.0
(2,3)
2 3.8
Shovelling of I2
46 100.0
0 6 13.0
1 33 71.8
2 7 15.2
3 0 0.0
(2,3) 7 15.2
Form M1
71 100.0
4 69 97.2
4-
2 2.8
3+
0 0.0
3 0 0.0
(3+, 3) 0 0.0
Form M2
62 100.0
4 4 6.4
4-
43 69.3
3+
1 1.6
3 14 22.7
(3+, 3) 15 24.3
Form M3
34 100.0
4 0 0.0
1 2 3 4
4- 6 17.6
3+
13 38.3
3 15 44.1
(3+, 3) 28 82.4
Carabelli’s cusp on M1
40 100.0
0 12 30.0
1 3 7.5
2 15 37.5
3 7 17.5
4 2 5.0
5 1 1.9
(2,3,4,5) 25 61.9
Form M1
64 100.0
y6 3 4.7
+6
1 1.6
x6
0 0.0
(Y6, +6, x6) 4 6.3
y5
47 73.4
+5
5 7.8
x5
2 3.1
(y5, +5, x5) 54 84.3
Odontological Analysis of Wielbark Culture Population
133 Trait Variant of trait Number of the studied teeth Frequency (%)
6 9.4
+4
0 0.0
x4
0 0.0
(y4, +4, x4) 6 9.4
Form M2
63 100.0
y6 0 0.0
+6
0 0.0
x6
0 0.0
(Y6, +6, x6) 0 0.0
y5
2 3.2
+5
3 4.8
x5
8 12.7
(y5, +5, x5) 13 20.7
y4
1 1.6
+4
15 23.8
x4
34 53.9
(y4, +4, x4) 50 79.3
Form M3
35 100.0
y6 2 5.7
+6
0 0.0
x6
1 2.9
(Y6, +6, x6) 3 8.6
y5
3 8.6
+5
3 8.6
x5
4 11.4
(y5, +5, x5) 10 28.6
2 3 4
y4 1 2.9
+4
2 5.7
x4
19 54.2
(y4, +4, x4) 22 62.8
distal crest of trigonid on M1
60 100.0
0 56 93.3
+ 4 6.7 deflecting wrinkle of the metaconid of M1
39
100.0
0 34 87.2
+ 5 12.8 Tuberculum accesorium mediale internum on M1
68
100.0
0 67 98.5
+ 1 1.5 Enamel extension on M2
typ1
4 7.2
typ2
1 1.8
typ3
18 32.1
Serhiy Segeda et al.
134 Trait Variant of trait Number of the studied teeth Frequency (%)
18 32.1
typ5
5 8.9
typ6
9 16.1
typ7
1 1.8
typ(4,5,6) 32 57.1
typ(5,6) 14 25.0
(typ 4,5,6,7) 33 58.9
Form 1 pa on M1
15 100.0
typ1 5 33.3
typ2
1 6.7
typ3
9 60.0
Form 2 med. on M1
38 100.0
typII 8 21.1 typIII
21 55.3
typ fc
9 23.6
The occurrence of four-cusped forms on M 1 (y4, +4, x4) was recorded on a medium level – 9.4%, as well as the six-cusped forms on M 1 (y6, +6, x6) – 6.3%. The population under study is characterised by a medium degree of reduction of the
on M
2 – 24.3% and somewhat higher reduction of M 2 (four-
cusped forms) – 79.3%. The frequency of the
distal crest of the trigonid on M 1 (6.7%) is moderately higher that the average value for European populations and the frequency of deflecting wrinkle of the metaconid of M 1 approximates it – 2.8%. The occurrence of Tuberculum accessorium mediale internum on M 1
(1.5%) is lower than the average in Europe. The comparative analysis Table 2 presents data concerning the frequency of the occurrence of 8 odontological traits in 6 populations of Czerniachów Culture, 3 of Wielbark Culture and 4 of Balts groups. The frequency of trait in percents was converted into the frequency expressed in radians. A modified set of initial data was used in order to assess the degree of differentiation by means of the principal component analysis. This method converts original traits (in radians) into new traits (meta-traits) that are called the principal components. Particular principal components use the variability of the original traits to a different degree. Usually two or three of them describe from 70% to 80% of the variability of traits. Therefore, the principal component analysis reduces the multidimensional set of variety to two or three-dimensional level loosing only an
inconsiderable percent of information. O dont ol ogi cal A nal ys is o f W ie lbar k C ul tu re P opu la tion
135 % 0 7.7 11.1 0 0.0 0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
21.1 0 0.0 0 7.4
0 2.3
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
8 N 26 0 9 15 0 7 0 9 0 2 10 60
22 27
44 13
14 37
% 25.0
14.3 20.0
25.0 50.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 6.7
37.5 29.2
64.3 70.0
40.0 17.9
7 N 12 0 7 10 0 4 0 6 0 5 18 38
16 24
28 10
15 28
% 0 7.7 0 0.0
20.0 20.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
12.8 26.3
0 8.0
0 0.0
23.1 14.3
0 4.2
6 N 13 0 6 10 0 5 0 7 0 4 10 39
19 25
44 13
14 24
% 0 97.2 0 80.0
0 88.9
00 0.0
100.0 0 90.9 0 92.7
0 79.3
0 76.9
0 94.4
0 88.3
0 85.2
0 89.8
100.0 5 N 36 0 5 18 13
0 8 11 25 50
13 18
68 27
49 15
% 0 0.0 10.0 11.8
18.2 0 9.1 0.0 11.1
0 6.3
14.3 0 3.4 0 2.3
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 2.6
4 N 28 10 47
11 11
0 9 18 64 21
29 44
20 31
38 % 0 7.1 10.0
11.8 18.2
0 9.1
0 0.0
11.1 0 9.4 0 9.5
17.1 0 9.1 0 5.0
16.1 0 2.6 3 N 28 10 17
11 11
0 9 18 64 21
29 44
20 31
38 % 28.1 66.7 58.3
0 8.3
25.0 57.1
25.0 61.9
47.0 47.7
20.4 0 7.0 14.3 50.0
2 N 32 0 6 12 12 16
0 7 24 40 17
11 44
11 28
– % 0 4.3 0 0.0 11.1 0 0.0 0 0.0
25.0 0 0.0 0 3.8
11.1 12.5
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 5.0
0 0.0
Number of trait 1 N 23 0 1 0 9 10 0 4 0 2 10
53 0 9 16 25
11 10
54 Table 2. Frequency of odontoglific traits in comparative populations Populations Czerniachów Culture (Segeda, 1989) Zhuravka Uspenka Boromlya Gavrilivka Khomc’ke Koblevo Moldova
Wielbark Culture (Kozak-Zychman and Siegeda, 1994) Kowalewkowo (personal data) Gródek Masłomęcz The Balts – the first century of A.D. (Paprieskien and Česnys, 1983) Latgaly Leyasbiteny Latgaly Latgale Zemgaly
Zhemaїty Serhiy Segeda et al.
136 We also calculated the correlation coefficients between principal components and the original traits allowing us to assess which original traits primarily determined the arrangement of the investigated populations in relation to particular principal components. Figure 2 presents the differentiation of the comparative populations (3 of Wielbark Culture, 7 of Czerniachów Culture and 4 of Balts groups) in relation to two principal components. The first one (over 37% of overall variability) uses the variability of as many as 4 original traits (shovelling of I 1 , Carabelli’s cusp on M 1 , four-cusped forms on M 2 , fix-cusped forms on M 1 ) and separates the Balts populations from Wielbark and Czerniachów groups. The second one (27% of overall variability) describes the differentiation of populations considering the frequency of deflecting wrinkle of the metaconid of M 1 that is very similar in form and almost equally differentiated in the investigated ethnic and cultural complexes. 2.5 2.0
1.5 1.0
0.5 0.0
–0.5 –1.0
–1.5 –2.0
–1.4 –0.8
–0.2 0.4
1.0 1.6
2.2 V1 (37.6%) V 2
2 1 .5 % ) Zemgaly Latgaly Leyasbiteny Khomc'ke
Zhemaity Zhuravka
Moldova Koblevo
Latgaly Latgale Masłomęcz Boromlya Gródek
Kowalewko Uspenka
Figure 2. Differentiation of Wielbark Culture populations (squares), Czerniachów Culture (circles) and the Balts populations (crosses) in relations to two principals components The comparative analysis reveals that the populations of Wielbark Culture and Czerniachów Culture cannot be differentiated
as far as the frequency of odontological traits is concerned. They also exhibit similar intra-group variability. The Balts are characterised by a different frequency in 4 out of 8 traits in comparison with the above-mentioned series and they create a separate group.
Odontological Analysis of Wielbark Culture Population
137 CONCLUSIONS 1. Morphological traits of teeth (odontological traits) differentiated markedly the comparative populations that belongs to different ethnic and cultural complexes. Therefore , they are a good method for studying the biological differentiation of skeletal populations. 2. As regards the frequency of occurrence of odontological traits the populations identified with Wielbark and Czerniachów Cultures are very similar and they can not be included in different ethnic and cultural complexes.
This work was supported by The Ministry of Science and Information Society Technologies grant 2PO4C 103 29.
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