Surveys
The survey is a research design in which a sample is selected from a population and
studied to make inferences about the population. Surveys typically use questionnaires and
interviews in order to determine the options, attitudes, preferences and perceptions of
persons of interest to the researcher.
In well-designed surveys, the sample can be carefully selected to ensure that it is a
representative of a larger population; it is possible to use statistical techniques to assess
the applicability and generalisability of the findings to the large population. To ensure
greater reliability and validity, the researcher must also ensure that the questionnaire and
interview do not reveal bias in the way the items and questions are presented. The way
questions are asked, for example, can influence the responses.
Phenomenological research strategies
Case study
A case study is a research strategy and an empirical inquiry that tries to investigate a study
phenomenon within a real life context. They are normally based on the following:
• In-depth investigation of a single group or events to explore and understand the
underlying causation principles.
• Involves looking at groups, a project, institution or company.
• Requires intensive investigation of the factors that contributed to the characteristics
of the case under investigation.
• Draws on multiple sources of information and tells a story, usually in chronological
order.
The aim is to create a rich, textured description of a social process. This can set the stage
for more questions that can be asked later, using more tightly structured methods. Case
studies are usually helpful when the researcher is dealing with the following questions:
• How or why questions
• Phenomena over which the researcher has little control
• Phenomena embedded in a real life context.
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