Do not make assumptions that your respondent will understand your question. For example,
the question,
“What is your income?”, can have a variety of understandings – it could mean
gross or net, annual or monthly, only from salary or all sources of income, etc. The answers
would be inconsistent and the validity of the findings can be questioned.
Make sure to
specify exactly what answer you expect, e.g. in the case of income you may want monthly
gross family income.
• Avoid prestige bias and emotional language
Prestige bias is an associated statement with a prestigious person or group and the
researcher must avoid it. Respondents may be influenced by
their feelings towards the
person or group rather than the issue. For example, President Trump has branded media
news as fake news. Do you agree? The respondent may be influenced by
people’s support
for President Trump. Respondents who do not understand the issue may answer or be
biased in their view of the President.
Use neutral language instead of emotionally burdened words because respondents may
respond to the emotional words instead of the issue.
• Avoid double-barrelled questions
Each question
must address only one concept, meaning or issue. When two or more
question are joined together, the question becomes double-barrelled. Such questions are
ambiguous and confuse the respondents. The researcher will also struggle to be certain
of
the res
pondent’s intention. An example of a double-barrelled question is does your
organisation address the problems associated with
gender and equality in your
workstation? The participant may have different answers to the issues equality and gender
at their organisation.
• Avoid leading questions
A leading or loaded question leads the respondent to choose a particular response by its
wording, e.g. you do not agree with racism in the media, do you? Respondents are led to
state that they do not agree with racism in the media.
• Avoid asking questions that are beyond the respondent’s capabilities
A few difficult responses would include remembering past details, specific factual knowledge
and answers that expect mathematical skills. The researcher will get poor quality responses
if many of the respondents are unable to answer the question.
For
instance, asking an adult: “How did you feel towards your grade 11teacher in high
school?” Questions like this may lead to a guess which is not reliable.
•
Avoid false premises
The winter days is very long. Do you think schools should open around 9am in the morning,
or should the school close an hour earlier? The respondent may either accept or reject the
premise or not agree with either of the choices. Respondents who do not agree with the
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