I Theme. Introduction to the history of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan is an ancient country. Historically Azerbaijan
borders with Dagestan in the North, Iran in the South, Georgia,
present Armenia and Turkey in the West and the Caspian Sea
in the East. As a result of the war between Russia and Iran the
lands of Azerbaijan were divided into two parts according to
Gulistan (1813) and Turkmenchay (1828) agreements.
Since then the geographical concepts of Northern and Southern
Azerbaijan occurred. After that Azerbaijan took different paths
of development being a part of Iran and Russia. On May 28
th
,
1918, an independent state in Northern Azerbaijan - the
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was established. On April 28
th
1920, the Russian Army (Red Army) occupied Northern
Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic was
established and incorporated into the USSR. In October 1991,
the North Azerbaijan regained its independence.
The Muslim or Islamic era has been used for a long time in
Azerbaijan. This era has been widely spread in Muslim
regions. The beginning of the Islamic era starts since moving
the Prophet Muhammad-a founder of Islam from Mecca to
Medina. In Arabic “hijrat” means moving. This event happened
in 622 (six hundred twenty two) of the Christian era. That’s
why the date starting from that time is called the Hijri (Islamic)
calendar. The time in the Islamic era is charged with the Moon
(lunar calendar) and the Sun (Shams calendar). The length of
the year which is calculated by the moon equals to 354 (three
hundred fifty four) days. This is 11 days shorter than the length
of the astronomical year which is calculated by the Sun. That’s
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why months change their places every year which is calculated
by the Moon.
At present Christian era is more widely spread around the
world. This era is used in the Republic of Azerbaijan as well.
This is connected with the name of Jesus Christ, the founder of
the Christian era. The day of Jesus’ birth is considered to be the
beginning of the Christian era. Speaking about the events up to
the starting point, “BC” is used. The subsidiary subject which
studies the time of historical events is called a chronology. The
chronology is a word of Greek origin. “Chronos”- means time,
“logos”- means a word. So, it means learning about the time.
The date is calculated at a certain starting moment. Such
starting moment or point is called an era.
Because of favourable natural conditions of Azerbaijan the
primitive people settled along rivers and lakes. The territory of
Azerbaijan is full of minerals. There are deposits of iron,
copper, lead, gold, silver, oil, flint stone, marble, salt and
others.
Azerbaijan is located on the trade routes linking Europe
and Asia from West to East and from South to North. The
trading was constantly carried out by these roads. The
population with diverse languages lives in Azerbaijan.
However, since ancient times the local, well-established and
main population has been of Turkish origin.
The name of our nation and language are Azerbaijani
(Azeri). At present the total of the World Azerbaijanis is more
than 50 (fifty) million. Historically, the Turkish tribes have
carried different names and been residents of a wide range of
areas from front Asia till China.
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Azerbaijani Turks have been developed as a nation with an
ancient land, the language, political bodies and culture and
formed in a wider area at an early middle Ages. Beginning
from Derbend in the north, this area has reached the Iranian
provinces of Zanjan-Qazvin-Hamadan in the South. Starting
from the Caspian Sea to the East it encompassed Borchali,
province Goycha, Iravan and the shores of Lake Uremia. The
Turkish ethnic communities, bearing the names of the Azeri,
Gerger (Gargar) and Alban, Hun, Khazar, Sabir and Oghuz
tribes lived in this large area from the ancient times. People of
Iranian-speaking (Talishs, Tats, Kurds) and Caucasian
language (Udis, Avers, Lezgins, Tsakhurs, Khynalygs,
Buduglus, Girizs and others) live in Azerbaijan.
The ancient history of Azerbaijan is written on the basis of
archeological, ethnographic, anthropological and written
sources. Things which were discovered during archeological
excavations gave an opportunity to study the material and
cultural history of Azerbaijan. The traditions, material and
spiritual culture, former management forms, family relations
and etc. are studied on the basis of the ethnographic materials.
Anthropology materials – human skulls, obtained during
excavations are very important to study the ethnogeny issues.
The written sources are of special scientific importance among
resources. They enable to study political events, public
institutions, economy, industry, handicrafts, historic figures,
military history, people’s movements, religious ideas and more
in Azerbaijan.
The pronunciation of Azerbaijan’s name was of different
kinds. In the sources, since ancient times this name was
pronounced as Andirpatian, Atropatena, Aturpatakan,
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Turkpatakan, Adirbijan, Azarbazkan, Azirbijan and finally
Azerbaijan.
Azerbaijan is one of the oldest spots of civilization. A
country with rich and ancient history. Azerbaijan is located on
the western shore of the Caspian sea. This country is a bridge
between the West and the East. Nedless to say that, our
location always was reasonable for trading.
Throughout history, the states of Azerbaijan had periods of
growth and recession and had been subjected to internal
fragmentations and foreign invasions. Our territories always
were exposed to attacs bu strangers. Over the centuries these
lands belonged to Azerbaijanis and we always were in struggle
with protecting our motherland. Azerbaijan has always
maintained peace-loving and calm relations with neighbors.
But some neighbors, especially Armenians, settled in
Azerbaijan and occupied Azerbaijani lands.
Territory – 86.600 (eighty six thousand six hundred)
square kilometres. The historical territory of Azerbaijan is
300.000 (three hundred thousand) square kilometres. But as a
result of wars, conflicts and other political processes
Azerbaijan had lost the part of its territories. Historically
Azerbaijan was divided into two parts – the northern and
southern. Northern Azerbaijan covered the territory of the
present day Respublic of Azerbaijan, southern Azerbaijan
covered an area in what is now northern Iran.
Neighborn states
İn the north – Russia (390 kilometres – three hundred
ninety km.)
İn the south – İran (756 kilometres – seven hundred fifty
six km.)
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İn the south-west - Turkey (13 kilometres –thirteen km.)
İn the north-west - Georgia (480 kilometres – four
hundred eighty km.)
İn the west - Armenia (1007 kilometres – one thouthand
seven km.)
Population size – more than 9,6 million (nine point six or
nine million six hundred thousand). The most part of the
population are azerbaijani (turk). Today Azerbaijan is home to
more than 70 different etnic groups – russians, lesghins,
talishes, jews and many others. İn the world live about 50
millions azerbaijani (Azerbaijanian turks).
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