Look at paragraph 3 in the text and identify the function of each sentence.
1
Many of …
3
Or, if a parent …
2
For example, if …
4
The reason …
2
Find examples in the text of the following:
1
common fears
2
situations that caused humans to develop innate fears
3
fears that are learned from experience
4
two specifi c phobias
5
one social phobia
simply
(adv) /ˈsɪmpli/
social
(adj) /ˈsoʊʃ(ə)l/
whether
(conj) /ˈweðər/
ACADEMIC KEYWORDS
1
.
Many people have a fear of things like snakes,
spiders, heights, water, and small enclosed
spaces. If many people have the same fears,
how do we all develop them?
2
.
If you think about the time when we did not
live in houses, but alongside nature, we faced
many more dangers from animals. We have
developed a response to situations that might
cause us harm, such as a bite from a poisonous
snake or a bite from a dog. Of course, not all
fears are innate.
3
.
For example, if you see someone almost drown,
you may react by developing a fear of water.
Or, if a parent has a fear of heights, it is quite
common for their children to also develop
a fear of heights. The reason for this is not
genetic; it is simply because children learn
behavior and attitudes from their parents.
4
.
To answer this question, we have to defi ne
what is meant by phobia. While almost
everyone has a fear of something, whether
it is spiders or fl ying, a fear is only classifi ed
as a phobia by psychologists if it is so serious
it aff ects your daily life. According to the
Anxiety Disorders Association of America,
19 million Americans (around 6 per cent
of the population)have specifi c phobias,
such as crossing bridges or going through
tunnels. Another 15 million (around 5 per
cent) have a social phobia such as public
speaking. Unfortunately, those who have
one phobia are likely to have others too.
5
.
Because many fears are learned during
our lives, we simply have to unlearn these
feelings. If people confront their fear in a
gradual way, they can learn to control how
they react to the situation and not panic. It
might not cure the fear completely, but it
will probably help people to cope better.
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