Diseases of the valves of the heart. Rheumatic disease. Cardiomiopathy

♦ Most important complication is pulmonary hyperten_x0002_sion; others include right heart failure, paradoxical embolization

♦ OP ASD presents in childhood, associated with mitral valve defects and mitral incompetence

Coarctation of Aorta

Coarctation of the aorta is a rare birth defect that squeezes the main artery of the body, causing high blood pressure and poor circulation.

Coarctation of Aorta

The narrowing usually occurs near the left subclavian artery, which supplies blood to the left arm and head, but can also affect other parts of the aorta.

• Coarctation of Aorta

♦ Approximately 7% of congenital heart abnormalities

♦ More common in males

♦ Common in Turner’s syndrome

♦ Approximately 60% will die (frequently of aortic rupture) by age 40 if not corrected

♦ 50% of cases associated with other congenital heart defects

♦ Coarctation located usually just distal to ductus arteriosus (adult type), but may occur just proximal to this structure in infantile type

Patent Ductal Artery

The ductus arteriosus is a normal part of fetal blood circulation. All babies are born with this opening between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. But it usually closes on its own shortly after birth. If it stays open, it is called patent ductus arteriosus.

• Patent Ductal Artery (Patent ductus arteriosis, PDA)

♦ Manifestations depend on size of communication between aorta and pulmonary artery

♦ Indomethacin induce closure by inhibiting prostaglan_x0002_din E (PGE) synthesis

♦ Small PDA results in small left-to right shunt, with “machinery” murmur

♦ Very mild symptoms in patients with small PDA

♦ Large PDA results in large shunt, with pulmonary hypertension, eventuating in shunt reversal with cyanosis

Pulmonary stenosis

Pulmonary stenosis, also called PS, is caused by a narrowing of the pulmonary valve opening. PS restricts blood flow from the lower right chamber (ventricle) to the pulmonary arteries, which deliver blood to the lungs. It’s most commonly the result of a congenital heart defect.

• Pulmonary Stenosis