Orthoptera
Atractomorpha lata Mochulsky 1866
[Pyrgomorphidae]
Differentiate grasshopper
|
Yes (Kim 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
No records found
|
No. Atractomorpha lata is a leaf eating grasshopper (Kim 2009; Ohgushi 2008). It attacks leaves of Solidago altissima (Kajita 1979) and sesame plants during the vegetative and flowering stage (Sintim, Tashiro & Motoyama 2010; Yoshioka, Kadoya & Suda 2010). It has been known to cause feeding damage to buds, young fruits and new leaves on loquats (Souda 2008), however, there is no evidence of damage to strawberry fruit. In addition to this, they are likely to hop away when disturbed, and are therefore highly unlikely to be accidentally collected during harvest.
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Thysanoptera
|
Frankliniella intonsa Trybom 1895
[Thripidae]
Eurasian flower thrips, garden thrips, flower thrips
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
No records found
|
Yes. This species oviposits on and feeds on fruit, flowers and leaves, causing suction injury, premature fruit drop and discoloration (CABI 2015a; Plantwise 2015).
|
Yes. This species is polyphagous and has a wide host range, many of which are present in Australia (CABI 2015a; Plantwise 2015). Frankliniella intonsa is present in Europe, Asia, North America and New Zealand (CABI 2016). Its wide host range and ability to inhabit areas with wide climatic ranges suggests it may establish and spread in Australia.
|
Yes. This species is polyphagous with a large host range, associated with economic damage of several crop species: asparagus, chrysanthemum, cotton, okra, rice, tomatoes and peas (CABI 2015a). As part of a pest complex, F. intonsa has been associated with economic damage to strawberries by deforming fruit in Italy and the UK, lucerne in former Czechoslovakia and nectarines in Greece (Alford 2007; CABI 2015a).
|
Yes (EP)
|
Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande 1895
[Thripidae]
Western flower thrips
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. ACT, NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic. and WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
Prohibited pest in NT (DRDPIFR NT 2008) and domestic restrictions are in place.
|
Yes. This species feeds on leaves, stems, flowers and fruit of strawberries causing deformed fruit (Childers 1997). Generally, adults, eggs, larvae and pupae can be carried on the fruit in trade (CABI 2014).
|
Yes. This thrips has a wide host range, including chrysanthemums, cucurbits, cotton, grapes, citrus and apple (CABI 2012). Frankliniella occidentalis is distributed globally (CABI 2014; Jones 2005; Kirk & Terry 2003) and has successfully spread across most of Australia (Plant Health Australia 2001), indicating that suitable environments exist in NT for this thrips to establish (CABI 2014; Davidson, Butler & Teulon 2006; Jones 2005; Kirk & Terry 2003).
|
Yes. This is a major pest causing direct damage through feeding and oviposition injury as well as via transmission of at least five tospoviruses. Frankliniella occidentalis feeds on leaves, flowers, stems and fruit (CABI 2014; Davidson, Butler & Teulon 2006; Jones 2005; Stavisky et al. 2002). It can cause secondary bacterial and viral infection to crops causing fruit spoilage (Childers 1997).
|
Yes (EP, NT)
|
Haplothrips chinensis Priesner 1933
[Thripidae]
Chinese thrips
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
No records found
|
No. Initially recorded in the Republic of Korea on rose, chrysanthemum and other ornamentals (Woo & Paik 1971). Rose is the most common host of this species (Hua, Liu & Chang 1997; Wang 1997). Feeds and oviposits on flowers (Wang 1997). It has been reported on strawberry plants in Korea, but not on the fruit (QIA 2015b).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Megalurothrips distalis Karny 1913
[Thripidae]
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. Qld (Plant Health Australia 2001).
Listed as a Declared Organism (Prohibited (section 12)) for WA (Government of Western Australia 2016) and domestic restrictions are in place
|
No. Mostly associated with flowers (Ananthakrishnan 1993; CABI 2016). No records of association with strawberry fruit have been found.
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood 1919
[Thripidae]
Chilli thrips, strawberry thrips
|
Yes (CABI & EPPO 2010)
|
Yes. NSW, NT, Qld (Plant Health Australia 2001).
Listed as a Declared Organism (Permitted (section 11)) for WA (Government of Western Australia 2016).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Thrips hawaiiensis Morgan 1913
[Thripidae]
Hawaiian flower thrips
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001; Poole 2008, 2010).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Thrips palmi Karny 1925
[Thripidae]
Melon thrips
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. Qld, NT (Plant Health Australia 2001).
Listed as a Declared Organism (Prohibited (section 12)) for WA (Government of Western Australia 2016) and domestic restrictions are in place.
Prohibited pest in NT (DPIF 2013) and SA (QDAFF 2014), and domestic restrictions are in place.
|
No. Found to be unable to complete lifecycle on strawberries when fed strawberry leaves (Kawai 1986).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Trombidiformes
|
Phytonemus pallidus Banks 1899
[Tarsonemidae]
Strawberry mite
|
Yes (Cho, Chung & Lee 1993)
|
Yes. NSW (Plant Health Australia 2001), Qld, Tas. (CABI 2015a).
Listed as a Declared Organism (Permitted (section 11)) for WA (Government of Western Australia 2016).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida 1927
[Tetranychidae]
Tea red spider mite, Kanzawa spider mite
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. NSW (Gutierrez & Schicha 1983), NT (Flechtmann & Knihinicki 2002), Qld (CSIRO 2005; Gutierrez & Schicha 1983), Qld (Plant Health Australia 2001).
Listed as a Declared Organism (Prohibited (section 12)) for WA (Government of Western Australia 2016).
|
Yes. Tetranychus kanzawai mites and webbing are often found on the underside of leaves and stems of strawberries (Zhang et al. 1996b). They can cause leaf necrosis, mottling and bark discoloration (CABI 2015a) (Plantwise 2015). Flower heads can also become deformed (Gutierrez & Schicha 1983). Unpublished Department of Agriculture and Water Resources data indicate that Tetranychus mites have been intercepted in strawberries from the United States and were found to be hiding under the calyx.
|
Yes. Tetranychus kanzawai is polyphagous and many of its known hosts are widely available in Australia (CABI 2016; Migeon & Dorkeld 2012), which are present in WA.
Tetranychus kanzawai is found in many coastal regions of East Asia (CABI 2016). There may be similar climates between these areas and parts of WA. It has been introduced to and successfully established in Qld and NSW (Gutierrez & Schicha 1983) suggesting suitable conditions for the establishment and spread of T. kanzawai in WA may exist.
|
Yes. Tetranychus kanzawai is found on a wide range of plant species including crop species such as pear, apples and strawberries (CABI 2016; Gomi & Gotoh 1996; QIA 2015b).
Tetranychus kanzawai is subject to quarantine measures in many parts of the world (Navajas et al. 2001).
|
Yes (EP, WA)
|
Tetranychus urticae Koch 1835
Synonym: Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval 1867
[Tetranychidae]
Two-spotted spider mite
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
GASTROPODA
|
Stylommatophora
|
Acusta despecta Sowerby 1839
[Bradybaenidae]
Land snail
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
No records found
|
No. Although A. despecta is known to feed on strawberry leaves, stems and fruit in Korea (QIA 2015b), eggs of all Stylommatophora are laid in soil crevices or in leaf litter (Clemente et al. 2008; Faberi et al. 2006), and larvae and adults are likely to be noticed and removed during harvesting and packing.
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Deroceras reticulatum Müller 1774
[Limacidae]
Grey field slug, little gray slug
|
Yes (Kim et al. 2012)
|
Yes. NSW, Vic., WA, SA and Tas. (Nash & Kimber 2015; Plant Health Australia 2001; Young 1996).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Deroceras varians Adams 1868
[Limacidae]
Variable field slug
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
No records found
|
No. Species of Deroceras feed on fruit and the leaves of strawberries (Broadley et al. 1988; Georgiev 2008; Zalom, Bolda & Phillips 2012), and known to damage ripe strawberry fruit, producing rough holes which may lead to secondary infestation by pests such as earwigs, sowbugs, and small beetles (Zalom et al. 2014a). Deroceras varians is known to attack strawberry leaves, stems, flowers and fruit in Korea (QIA 2015b). However, adults are unlikely to remain on harvested fruit during picking and packing, and damage to strawberries render the fruit unmarketable and they will not be packed for export. Eggs of all Stylommatophora are laid in soil crevices or in leaf litter (Clemente et al. 2008; Faberi et al. 2006).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Incillaria confusa Cockarell [Philomycidae]
Japanese native slug
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
No records found
|
No. Incillaria confusa is known to feed on strawberry leaves, stems, flowers and fruit in Korea (QIA 2015b). However, adults are unlikely to remain on harvested fruit during picking and packing. Eggs of all Stylommatophora are laid in soil crevices or in leaf litter (Clemente et al. 2008; Faberi et al. 2006).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
NEMATODA
|
Panagrolaimida
|
Aphelenchoides fragariae (Ritzema Bos 1891) Christie 1932
[Aphelenchoidae]
Strawberry crimp nematode
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (McLeod, Reay & Smyth 1994).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi Schwartz 1911
[Aphelenchoidae]
Chrysanthemum eelworm
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, Tas., Vic., WA (McLeod, Reay & Smyth 1994).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Ditylenchus acris Thorne 1941
[Anguinidae]
Strawberry bud nematode
|
Yes (Kim, Kim & Lee 2005)
|
No records found
|
No. Ditylenchus acris lives as ectoparasites on developing buds and leaflets (Kim, Kim & Lee 2005). Not found on mature fruit. Infected fruit buds are unlikely to develop into mature fruit. Infection also causes stunted growth with deformed stems, malformed flowers and fruits (Kim, Kim & Lee 2005), likely leading to the removal or destruction of infected plants from the production site.
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn 1857) Filip'ev 1936
[Anguinidae]
Stem eelworm, stem and bud nematode
|
Yes (Park et al. 2005)
|
Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., NT (McLeod, Reay & Smyth 1994).
Listed as a Declared Organism (Prohibited (section 12)) for WA (Government of Western Australia 2016).
|
No. Ditylenchus dipsaci inhabits developing buds internally (Subbotin et al. 2005) and is not known to be present on fruit. Ditylenchus dipsaci damage in strawberry plants results in small distorted leaves with thick petioles (FAO 2015b).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmermann 1898) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven 1941
[Pratylenchidae]
Banana root lesion nematode, coffee root lesion nematode
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Vic., WA (Khair 1986; McLeod, Reay & Smyth 1994).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Pratylenchus neglectus (Rensch 1924) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven 1941
[Pratylenchidae]
Root lesion nematode
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Hay & Pethybridge 2005; McLeod, Reay & Smyth 1994; Riley & Kelly 2002).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb 1917) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven 1941
[Pratylenchidae]
Cobb’s root-lesion nematode
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Hay & Pethybridge 2005; McLeod, Reay & Smyth 1994; Riley & Kelly 2002).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Pratylenchus scribneri Steiner in Sherbakoff & Stanley 1943
[Pratylenchidae]
Scribner's root-lesion nematode
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. Qld, NSW, SA, Vic., NT (Khair 1986), WA (Riley & Kelly 2002).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Pratylenchus thornei Sher & Allen 1953
[Pratylenchidae]
Root lesion nematode, Thorne’s root lesion nematode
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Vic. (McLeod, Reay & Smyth 1994), Tas. (Hay & Pethybridge 2005), WA (Riley & Kelly 2002).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Pratylenchus vulnus Allen & Jensen 1951
[Pratylenchidae]
Root lesion nematode, walnut root lesion nematode
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Vic., WA (Khair 1986; McLeod, Reay & Smyth 1994).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
BACTERIA
|
Erwinia amylovora (Burrill 1882) Winslow et al. 1920
[Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae]
|
Yes. Reported on apple and pear (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015a).
|
No records found
|
No. Strawberry is a minor host (CABI 2015a). The bacterium has been isolated from shoots and leaves of infected strawberry plants in Bulgaria (Antansova et al. 2005; Kabadjova-Hristova et al. 2006). These are the only known reports of this pest infecting strawberries.
Erwinia amylovora has never been observed to infect strawberries in Korea (QIA 2015a, b).
The department will continue to monitor relevant information relating to this pest, including its status in Korea. The department will re-assess it if new information warrants it.
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Erwinia pyrifoliae Kim et al. 1999
[Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae]
|
Yes. Reported on Asian pear (CABI 2015a; Kim & Koo 2009; Kim et al. 1999).
|
No records found
|
No. Strawberry is a minor host. This species was reported to infect immature strawberry fruit in the Netherlands. (NPPO the Netherlands 2014).
This is the only known report of this pest infecting strawberries.
There are no records of infection of mature commercial fruit. Further, it is uncertain whether the strains in the Netherlands and in Korea are the same (CABI 2015a; EPPO 2014).
Erwinia pyrifoliae has never been observed to infect strawberries in Korea (QIA 2015b).
The department will continue to monitor relevant information relating to this pest, including its status in Korea. The department will re-assess it if new information warrants it.
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Rhodococcus fascians (Tilford 1936) Goodfellow 1984
[Actinomycetales: Nocardiaceae]
Leafy gall disease, cauliflower disease of strawberry.
|
Yes. Present in the country although not reported on strawberry (Moon, Koo & Yun 2011).
|
Yes. Australia, NSW (CABI 2015a; Putnam & Miller 2007).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Xanthomonas fragariae Kennedy & King 1962
[Xanthomonadales; Xanthomonadaceae]
Angular leaf spot
|
Yes (Kim et al. 2015; Kwon et al. 2010)
|
No. Eradicated (Australian Government Department of Agriculture 2012; CABI 2015a; CABI & EPPO 1997b; EPPO 1996; Plant Health Australia 2015).
|
Yes. In addition to leaves, calyx of mature strawberry fruit can also be infected with this pest (Anco & Ellis 2011; Kwon et al. 2010; Peres 2014).
|
Yes. Xanthomonas fragariae is found in multiple countries over a variety of climatic conditions (CABI & EPPO 1997b; Kim et al. 2015; NPPO the Netherlands 2013). The pathogen has previously established in areas of NSW, Vic., SA and Qld before being eradicated (Australian Government Department of Agriculture 2012; CABI 2015a; CABI & EPPO 1997b; EPPO 1996).
|
Yes. Xanthomonas fragariae has caused serious problem for strawberry in many countries where it is present (CABI & EPPO 1997b; Kim et al. 2015; NPPO the Netherlands 2013). Heavy losses may occur with frequent overhead irrigation (CABI 2015a; Hildebrand, Schroth & Wilhelm 1967). If established in Australia, it would result in substantial costs to eradicate the disease as with previous incursions or in implementing a control programme (McGechan & Fahy 1976; Plant Health Australia 2015; Young et al. 2011).
|
Yes
|
MYCOPLASMA
|
Little leaf
Possibly an unidentified phytoplasma
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009)
|
Uncertain as species not specified.
Strains of sweet potato little leaf and legume little leaf are present in Australia (Kerr & Gibb 1997; Streten et al. 2005).
|
No. In infected plants, Phytoplasmas are obligate parasites occupying in the phloem tissue (Lee, Davis & Gundersen-Rindal 2000). Therefore they can be present in all plant parts containing phloem tissue, including the strawberry fruit and seeds in it. The current evidence is that seed to seedling transmission is unlikely (Dickinson, Tuffen & Hodgetts 2013). Transmission from small amounts of the fruit tissue going into waste to new hosts is also unlikely.
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
CHROMALVEOLATA
|
Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schrӧt.
[Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae]
Phytophthora blight
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. ACT, NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan
Synonyms: Phytophthora nicotianae var nicotianae Tucker; Phytophthora parasitica Dastur.; Phytophthora nicotianae var parasitica (Dastur) G. M. Waterh.
[Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae]
Phytophthora blight
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Phytopythium helicoides (Drechsler) Abad, de Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque
Synonym: Pythium helicoides Drechsler
[Peronosporales: Pythiaceae]
Pythium root rot
|
Yes (Han et al. 2010)
|
Yes. WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Pythium sylvaticum W.A. Campb. & F.F. Hendrix
[Peronosporales: Pythiaceae]
Pythium root rot
|
Yes (Garzón, Yánez & Moorman 2007)
|
Yes. Vic. (Plant Health Australia 2001)
|
No. Pythium sylvaticum is a soilborne fungus isolated from the roots of strawberries (Nemec 1970; Watanabe, Hashimoto & Sato 1977). It can cause damping off in seedlings and is transmitted through contaminated soil, organic matter (oospores), and water (sporangia) (Spencer 2005). No records of association with strawberry fruit have been found.
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Pythium torulosum Coker & P. Patt [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae]
Pythium root rot
|
Yes (Chee & Kim 2000; Kim & Park 1997)
|
Yes. NSW, WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
FUNGI
|
Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.
[Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]
Alternaria leaf spot
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire
[Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae]
Fruit rot
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C.C. Tu & Kimbr.
Synonym: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.
[Atheliales: Atheliaceae]
Stem, root, and fruit rot, southern blight
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (as S. rolfsii) (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Botrytis cinerea Pers.
[Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae]
Grey mould
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. ACT, NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link
[Capnodiales: Cladosporiaceae]
Scab
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmomds
[Phyllachorales: Phyllachoraceae]
Black spot of strawberry
|
Yes (CABI 2015a; Kim & Koo 2009)
|
Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Colletotrichum fructicola Prihast., L. Cai & K.D. Hyde
Synonym: Glomerella cingulata var. minor Wolenw.
[Phyllachorales: Phyllachoraceae]
Anthracnose, fruit rot
|
Yes (Nam et al. 2013)
|
Yes. Qld (Farr & Rossman 2015; Plant Health Australia 2001).
Some of the C. gloeosporioides records in all other States (Plant Health Australia 2001) could be C. fructicola as it has been the case in Korea as well (Nam et al. 2013).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.
Synonym: Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk.
[Phyllachorales: Phyllachoraceae]
Anthracnose
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Diplocarpon earlianum (Ellis & Everh.) F.A. Wolf
[Helotiales: Dermateaceae]
Leaf scorch
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. Qld, Vic., WA (Floyd 1994) NSW, SA, Tas. (CABI 2015a; Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Discohainesia oenotherae (Cooke & Ellis) Nannf
Synonym: Hainesia lythri (Desm.) Höhn
[Helotiales: Chaetomellaceae]
Tan-bown rot
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009)
|
Yes. Qld, NSW, Vic., Tas., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001)
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae Winks & Y.N. Williams
[Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]
Fusarium wilt
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. Qld, WA (Plant Health Australia 2001)
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Fusarium sp.
[Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]
Fusarium wilt
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Ilyonectria destructans (Zinssm.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous
Synonyms: Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm.) Scholten; Neonectria radicicola (Gerlach & L. Nilsson) Mantiri & Samuels
[Hypocreales: Nectriaceae]
Root rot
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.
[Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae]
Charcoal rot
|
Yes (Farr & Rossman 2015; Kim & Koo 2009)
|
Yes. ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Monilia polystroma G.C.M.Leeuwen
Synonym: Monilinia polystroma (G.C.M. Leeuwen) Kohn
[Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae]
Asiatic brown rot
|
Likely to be present in Korea
In Japan a new distinct species (M. polystroma) was identified from isolates previously identified as Monilinia fructigena. It has been suggested that isolates of M. fructigena from other East Asian countries such as China, Russia and Korea should be re examined to determine whether some of them are in fact isolates of M. polystroma (Chalkley 2010; Van Leeuwen et al. 2002). Monilia polystroma has now been reported from China (Zhu & Guo 2010), and several European countries (CABI 2015b; Di Francesco et al. 2015; Martini et al. 2015; Martini et al. 2014; Petróczy & Palkovics 2009; Vasić, Duduk & Ivanović 2013).
|
No records found (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Yes. Monilia polystroma is considered to share known hosts with M. fructigena (USDA 2015). Strawberry is susceptible to M. fructigena and is considered a minor host (CABI 2016). Monilia fructigena causes brown rot on fruits resulting in raised light brown pustules on the fruit surface that often expand enclosing the fruit to form a dark, wrinkled, hard mummified fruit (Farr & Rossman 2014; Ogawa, Zehr & Biggs 1995; USDA-APHIS 2004).
|
Yes. The major hosts, pome and stone fruit species and many other hosts (CABI 2016) are widespread in Australia. Conditions for the natural dispersal of this pathogen (USDA 2015) are available in Australia.
|
Yes. Brown rot disease, caused by M. fructigena, causes in pome and stone fruit soft decay of fruit flesh and blighting of spurs and blossoms (Mackie, Eyres & Kumar 2005). This results in significant pre- and post-harvest fruit losses and causes considerable economic losses worldwide (Jones 1990; Mackie, Eyres & Kumar 2005; USDA 2015). Similar effects are expected for M. polystroma.
|
Yes
|
Monilinia fructigena Honey ex Whetzel
[Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae]
Brown rot
|
Yes (CABI 2015a; Kim & Koo 2009)
|
No records found (CABI 2015a; Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Yes. Strawberry is susceptible to M. fructigena and is considered a minor host (CABI 2016). Monilinia fructigena causes brown rot on fruits resulting in raised light brown pustules on the fruit surface that often expand enclosing the fruit to form a dark, wrinkled, hard mummified fruit (Farr & Rossman 2014; Ogawa, Zehr & Biggs 1995; USDA-APHIS 2004).
|
Yes. The major hosts, pome and stone fruit species and many other hosts (CABI 2016) are widespread in Australia. Conditions for the natural dispersal of the pathogen (USDA 2015) are available in Australia.
|
Yes. Monilinia fructigena causes brown rot disease in pome and stone fruit which is the soft decay of fruit flesh and blighting of spurs and blossoms (Mackie, Eyres & Kumar 2005). This results in significant pre- and post-harvest fruit losses on susceptible hosts and results in considerable economic losses worldwide (Jones 1990; Mackie, Eyres & Kumar 2005; USDA 2015).
|
Yes
|
Mycosphaerella fragariae (Tul. & C. Tul.) Lindau
[Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]
Leaf spot
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Vic., WA, Tas. (CABI & EPPO 1982; Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Phomopsis obscurans (Ellis & Everh.) B. Sutton
[Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae]
Leaf blight, fruit rot
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009)
|
Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Phyllosticta fragariicola Roberge ex Desm. [as ‘fragaricola’]
[Botryosphaeriales: Phyllostictaceae]
Leaf spot
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. Qld (Plant Health Australia 2001) (as ‘fragaricola’) and SA (Farr & Rossman 2015).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Podosphaera aphanis (Wallr.) U. Braun & S. Takam.
Synonyms: Sphaerotheca aphanis (Wallr.) U. Braun, Sphaerotheca macularis f. sp. fragariae (Harz) Jacz.; Sphaerotheca macularis (Wallr.) Magnus
[Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae]
Powdery mildew
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b) (as S. aphanis).
|
Yes. Qld, Vic., SA (Plant Health Australia 2001) WA (CABI & EPPO 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Rhizoctonia fragariae S.S. Hussain & W.E. McKeen
[Cantharellales: Ceratobasidiaceae]
Rhizoctonia bud rot; black root rot of strawberry
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. WA (Fang, Finnegan & Barbetti 2013).
Perhaps in other states too because there are over 900 Rhizoctonia sp. records in ACT, NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic. and WA, including some on strawberry (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill
Synonym: Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb.
[Mucorales: Rhizopodaceae]
Fruit rot
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary
[Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae]
Sclerotinia rot
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015a)
|
Yes. ACT, NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Septoria fragariae Desm.
[Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae]
Leaf spot
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. Australia (Maas 1984).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk
Synonym: Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn
[Cantharellales: Ceratobasidiaceae]
Rhizoctonia bud rot, root rot, fruit rot
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009; QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (as R. solani) (Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Verticillium dahliae Kleb.
[Not Assigned: Plectosphaerellaceae]
Veticillium wilt
|
Yes (Kim & Koo 2009) and strawberry is a main host (CABI 2015a).
|
Yes. ACT, NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Kirkby & Smith 2015; Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
VIRUSES
|
Alfalfa mosaic virus
[Bromoviridae: Alfamovirus]
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (CABI 2015a).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Apple mosaic virus
[Bromoviridae: Ilarvirus]
|
Yes (Lee et al. 2002)
|
Yes. Qld, SA, Vic. (Plant Health Australia 2001) WA (Government of Western Australia 2016) Tas. (CABI 2001; Grimova et al. 2016).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Cucumber mosaic virus
[Bromoviridae: Cucumovirus]
|
Yes (CABI & EPPO 2002; Kim et al. 2014)
|
Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (CABI 2015a; CABI & EPPO 2002; Plant Health Australia 2001).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Strawberry crinkle virus
[Rhabdoviridae: Cytorhabdovirus]
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. NSW, Qld, Tas., Vic. (CABI 2015a), WA (McLean & Price 1984).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Strawberry mild yellow edge virus (SMYEV)
[Alpahflexiviridae: Potexvirus]
|
Yes (QIA 2015b)
|
Yes. Qld, Tas., Vic., WA (Büchen-Osmond et al. 1988; CABI 2015a).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Strawberry mottle virus (SMoV)
[Secoviridae: Unassigned]
|
Yes (Choi et al. 2009; Kim & Koo 2009)
|
Yes. Vic. (Plant Health Australia 2001) Qld (CABI 2015a).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Strawberry pallidosis associated virus (SPaV)
[Closteroviridae: Crinivirus]
|
Yes (Choi et al. 2009; Kim & Koo 2009)
|
Yes. Australia (Frazier & Stubbs 1969) Vic. (Constable et al. 2010).
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
Strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV)
[Caulimoviridae: Caulimovirus]
|
Yes (Choi et al. 2009)
|
Yes. NSW, Tas., Vic. (CABI 2015a; Constable et al. 2010).
|
Yes. Strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV) is recorded in vegetative material including leaves and runners (CABI & EPPO 1997a; Choi et al. 2009; EFSA 2014).
As SVBV infects systemically, the calyx could contain the virus (EFSA 2014)
|
Yes. SVBV is established in some states in Australia (NSW, Tas. and Vic.) (CABI 2015a; Constable et al. 2010).
SVBV is vectored by aphids (CABI & EPPO 1997a; EFSA 2014). Aphids of the genus Chaetosiphon are the main vectors including C. fragaefolii, C. thomasi, and C. tetrarhodum which have been recorded in Australia (CABI & EPPO 1997a; Plant Health Australia 2001; Tzanetakis & Martin 2013).
|
No. Strawberry is the only recorded host for SVBV (EFSA 2014; Tzanetakis & Martin 2013). SVBV does not cause severe symptoms and can be almost symptomless in modern strawberry cultivars. However when plants are infected with multiple strawberry viruses, symptoms can be more severe (EFSA 2014; Tzanetakis & Martin 2013).
|
No
|
Tomato ringspot virus
[Comovirinae: Nepovirus]
Ringspot of tomato
|
Yes (CABI 2015a; CABI & EPPO 2012)
Recorded on lilies in Korea (Kim & Koo 2009; Lee et al. 1996).
|
No. Eradicated (CABI 2015a; CABI & EPPO 2012).
|
No. No records of Tomato ringspot virus have been found on strawberries in Korea, only on lilies (Kim & Koo 2009; Lee et al. 1996; QIA 2016). Supporting this, Korea currently tests strawberry seed coming into the country for this virus (QIA 2016). The department will continue to monitor relevant information relating to this pest, including its status in Korea. The department will re-assess it if new information warrants it.
|
Assessment not required
|
Assessment not required
|
No
|
