Draft report for the non-regulated analysis of existing policy for fresh strawberry fruit from the Republic of Korea

7Conclusion

The findings of this draft risk analysis report for a non-regulated analysis of existing policy for fresh strawberry fruit from the Republic of Korea are based on a comprehensive scientific analysis of relevant literature.

The department considers that the risk management measures proposed in this report will provide an appropriate level of protection against the pests identified as associated with the trade of strawberries from Korea.

Appendix A Initiation and categorisation for pests of fresh strawberry fruit from Korea

The steps in the initiation and categorisation processes are considered sequentially, with the assessment terminating at ‘Yes’ for column 3 (except for pests that are present, but under official control and/or pests of regional concern) or the first ‘No’ for columns 4, 5 or 6.

Details of the method used in this risk analysis are given in Section 2: Method for pest risk analysis.

This pest categorisation table does not represent a comprehensive list of all the pests associated with the entire plant of an imported commodity. Reference to soilborne nematodes, soilborne pathogens, wood borer pests, root pests or pathogens, and secondary pests have not been listed, as they are not directly related to the export pathway of fresh commodity fruit and would be addressed by Australia’s current approach to contaminating pests.

The department is aware of the recent changes in fungal nomenclature which ended the separate naming of different states of fungi with a pleiomorphic life cycle. However, as the nomenclature for these fungi is in a phase of transition and many priorities of names are still to be resolved, this report uses the generally accepted names and provides alternatively used names as synonyms, where required. As official lists of accepted and rejected fungal names become available, these accepted names will be adopted.

Pest		Present in Korea		Present within Australia		Potential to be on pathway		Potential for establishment and spread		Potential for economic consequences		Pest risk assessment required
ARTHROPODS
Coleoptera
Anthonomus bisignifer Schenkling 1874 Synonyms: Anthonomus signatus Kinoshita & Shinkai; Anthonomus bisignatus Roelofs [Curculionidae] Strawberry blossom weevil		Yes (QIA 2015b)		No records found		No. This species feeds on pollen (University of Illinois 2004). The female lays eggs on flowers (EPPO 2014) then damages the stem causing it to hang or fall to the ground (Plantwise 2015; University of Illinois 2004), preventing fruit development. No records of association with strawberry fruit have been found.		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Apoderus (Compsapoderus) erythropterus Gmelin 1790 [Attelabidae]		Yes (QIA 2015b)		No records found		No. Species in the Apoderus feed on leaves (Alford 2007). The female rolls the leaf and lays eggs inside. The larvae and pupa develop in the rolled leaves (Gønget 2003). No records of association with strawberry fruit have been found.		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Auletobius uniformis Roelofs, 1874 [Attelabidae]		Yes (QIA 2015b)		No records found		No. There is little specific information available on this species. However, a closely related species, A. congruous, feeds on flowers including those of strawberry. Adults attack the base of the blossom causing the flower to wilt (Buckell 1943). No records of association with strawberry fruit have been found.		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Basilepta fulvipes Motschulsky 1860 [Chrysomelidae] Golden-green minute leaf beetle		Yes (QIA 2015b)		No records found		No. This species feeds only on leaves (NPQS 2007; QIA 2015b; USDA-APHIS 2002). No records of association with strawberry fruit have been found.		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Cleoporus variabilis Baly 1874 [Chrysomelidae] Variable leaf beetle		Yes (QIA 2015b)		No records found		No. There is little specific information available on this species. However, whilst other species in the family Chrysomelidae have been known to feed on fruit, flowers and foliage of other plants (Erichsen, McGeoch & Schoeman 1993; Gök, Gül Alsan & Aslam 2005; Murray 1982; Waterson & Urquhart 1995), C. variabilis has only been found on leaves in Korean strawberries (QIA 2015b) and no records of association with strawberry fruit have been found.		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Compsapoderus erythrogaster Snelle van Vollenhoven 1865 Synonym: Apoderus erythrogaster Snelle van Vollenhoven 1865 [Attelabidae] Leaf-rolling weevil		Yes (QIA 2015b)		No records found		No. There is little specific information available on C. erythrogaster, but one study did record feeding on foliage of broad-leafed plants (Isagi 1987), and leaf-rolling species in this family are characteristic in their habit of making a ‘cradle’ out of leaves within which they lay their eggs (Park, Lee & Park 2012), removing the possibility of their eggs being laid on fruit. No records of adults feeding on fruit of any kind have been found.		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Exomala orientalis Waterhouse 1875 [Scarabaeidae] Oriental beetle		Yes (EPPO 2015)		No records found		No. The female lays its eggs near the roots of the plant (Koppenhöfer et al. 2007). The larvae then feed on the root system of strawberries with major infestations damaging the cortex and crown of the plant (LaMondia & Cowles 2005). No records of association with strawberry fruit have been found.		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Galerucella grisescens Joann 1865 [Chrysomelidae] Strawberry leaf beetle		Yes (QIA 2015b)		No records found		No. This species feeds on leaves (Bieńkowski 2010). The female lays its eggs on the stem and leaves of the plant with pupae attaching themselves to plant tissue (Manguin et al. 1993). No records of association with strawberry fruit have been found.		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Monolepta quadriguttata Motschulsky 1860 [Chrysomelidae]		Yes (QIA 2015b)		No records found		No. There is little specific information available on this species. Species of Monolepta are known to feed on fruit, flowers and foliage (Erichsen, McGeoch & Schoeman 1993; Gök, Gül Alsan & Aslam 2005; Murray 1982) However, in these cases, damage had been described as rendering fruit unmarketable, decreasing the possibility that these damaged fruits would be harvested. Additionally, no records of association with strawberry fruit have been found.		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Phyllotreta striolata Fabricius 1801 [Chrysomelidae] Cabbage flea-beetle, striped flea beetle		Yes (QIA 2015b)		No records found		No. P. striolata larvae feed on roots. The adult feeds on the stem and foliage, as well as the pods of Brassicae (Wylie 1979). However, no records of association with strawberry fruit have been found.		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Collembola
Bourletiella hortensis Fitch 1863 [Sminthuridae] Garden springtail		Yes (QIA 2015b)		Yes. Tas., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Diptera
Bradysia difformis Frey 1948 [Sciaridae] Sciarid fly, fungus gnat		Yes (Shin, Lee & Lee 2012)		No records found		No. The Bradysia genus is generally ground-borne and attacks decaying plant matter and fungi. Whilst there are reports of attacks on healthy plant tissue, including the crown of strawberry plants (Cloyd 2015), no records of adults feeding on fruit of any kind have been found.		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Drosophila melanogaster Meigen 1830 [Drosophilidae] Common vinegar fly, common fruit fly		Yes (CABI 2015a; USDA-APHIS 2002)		Yes. NSW, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Drosophila simulans Sturtevant 1919 [Drosophilidae]		Yes (USDA-APHIS 2002)		Yes. NSW, Qld (Evenhuis 2007), Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001).		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Drosophila suzukii Matsumara 1931 [Drosophilidae] Spotted wing drosophila		Yes (The Korean Society of Plant Protection 1986)		No records found		A pest risk assessment for Drosophila suzukii will not be conducted in this risk analysis report for strawberries from Korea. There is existing policy for D. suzukii for all commodities, including strawberries, from all countries (Department of Agriculture 2013). A summary of pest information and previous assessment is presented in Chapter 4 of this report. Further information on existing policy can be found in the ‘Final pest risk analysis report for Drosophila suzukii’, published on 24 April 2013 (Department of Agriculture 2013).
Hemiptera
Adelphocoris lineolatus Goeze 1778 [Miridae] Alfalfa plant bug		Yes (Park, Lim & Kim 2014)		No records found		No. Adelphocoris lineolatus sucks sap from flowers, young fruit and seed causing reduced yield and germination of seed (Becker 1997). However, they are active insects and will disperse during strawberry harvesting, and are also not known to attack mature strawberry fruit. Adelphocoris lineolatus lays small eggs in stems (Chu & Meng 1958) but Korean strawberries are not harvested with an attached peduncle so eggs are unlikely to be transported with fruit.		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Aguriahana triangularis Matsumura 1932 [Cicadellidae] Leafhopper		Yes (National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology 2005)		No records found		No. Aguriahana triangularis is recorded as a pest of strawberry plants (Dmitriev 2013), however, there is little specific information on this species. Aguriahana spp. are known to suck the cell content from leaves causing white leaf spots (Vollenweider & Günthardt-Goerg 2005). A related species, A. stellulata, feeds on the underside of leaves causing leaf mottling and discoloration (Alford 2007). No records of association with strawberry fruit have been found.		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Aphis forbesi Weed 1889 [Aphididae] Strawberry root aphid		Yes (QIA 2015b)		No records found		No. Eggs are laid on the pedicels of flowers or the underside of strawberry leaves (Marcovitch 1925). Korean strawberries are harvested without an attached peduncle, removing the possibility of eggs being on the pathway. Once hatched, nymphs puncture the developing leaves feeding on leaf sap and secreting honeydew. This attracts ants who carry nymphs to roots where adult aphids feed on sap (Alford 2007; Marcovitch 1925; Minnesota Department of Agriculture 2015). They have also been reported feeding on strawberry leaves (INRA 1998). However, no records of association with strawberry fruit have been found.		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Aphis gossypii Glover 1877 [Aphididae] Melon aphid, cotton aphid		Yes (QIA 2015b)		Yes. NSW, Qld, Tas., Vic., NT, WA, SA (Martyn & Miller 1963; Plant Health Australia 2001).		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Arboridia apicalis Nawa, 1913 [Cicadellidae] Grape leafhopper		Yes (QIA 2015b)		No records found		No. This species attacks grape, peach, apple, pear and cherry. Most Arboridia species feed on leaf-mesophyll tissue of deciduous trees and shrubs (Pombo 2001), and A. apicalis adults and nymphs suck sap from the underside of leaves (Li 2004). Arboridia apicalis has been reported feeding on strawberry leaves (QIA 2015b). However, no records of association with strawberry fruit have been found.		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Aulacaspis rosae Bouché 1833 [Diaspididae] Rose scale		Yes (QIA 2015b)		Yes. NSW, Tas., Vic., SA (Plant Health Australia 2001). Listed as a Declared Organism (Permitted (section 11)) for WA (Government of Western Australia 2016).		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Aulacorthum solani Kaltenbach 1843 [Aphididae] Foxglove aphid		Yes (The Korean Society of Plant Protection 1986; Yoon & Choi 1970)		Yes. SA, WA, Vic., NSW, Tas., Qld (Plant Health Australia 2001).		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Chaetosiphon (Pentatrichopus) minor Forbes 1884 [Aphididae] Strawberry capitophorus aphid		Yes (QIA 2015b)		No records found		No. Adults feed on foliage. This pest is of economic importance as a vector of strawberry viruses (Blackman & Frazer 1987; Williams & Rings 1980) but no records of association with strawberry fruit have been found.		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Empoasca vitis Göthe 1875 [Cicadellidae] Small green leafhopper		Yes (The Korean Society of Plant Protection 1986)		No records found		No. Feeds by inserting mouthparts into leaves; feeding causes scorching (Alford 2007; CABI 2015a; Pavan et al. 1998). This pest is unlikely to remain on the plant during harvesting.		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas 1878 [Aphididae] Potato aphid		Yes (Lee et al. 2011b)		Yes. Tas., Vic., NSW, WA, Qld, SA, ACT, NT (Plant Health Australia 2001).		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No
Myzus persicae Sulzer 1776 [Aphididae] Green peach aphid, peach curl aphid		Yes (QIA 2015b)		Yes. NSW, Qld, Tas., Vic., NT, WA, SA, ACT (Martyn & Miller 1963; Plant Health Australia 2001).		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		Assessment not required		No