Emergency calling
Access to emergency call services is often included in the definition of universal service. Operators
are required to ensure that users can access emergency services, free of charge, from any telephone,
including public pay telephones.
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However, with the migration to NGN, wireless and IP services are
increasingly proposed as a replacement for fixed-line services. These services offer substantial advantages
in terms of affordability and allow a larger choice of applications and services for users but they do not
always provide features and guarantees that were taken for granted with the PSTN services. For example,
reliable call localisation for emergency services, continuous operation during a power failure, etc.
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Problems in providing access to emergency services by some VoIP providers stem from the nomadic
nature of their services. In addition, with Voice over IP services increasingly adopting the look and feel of
traditional telephones, there is an increased risk of confusion as to whether or not users have access to
emergency call services. This requires action on two fronts:
Proper education of service users
Even though traditional voice telephony is being supplemented, and eventually replaced, with new IP-
based communication methods, consumers do not always realise the change of technology behind the new
services, and expect they will function like the regular telephone service, including for emergency calls.
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As a first step to address this problem, some regulators have developed provisions requiring service
providers to inform users about the possibility of making emergency calls. In March 2007, Ofcom put in
place a code of practice that requires all VoIP providers to make it clear to consumers whether or not their
service includes access to emergency services. In addition, in July 2007 Ofcom launched a consultation on
a proposal to require certain VoIP providers to offer access to emergency services.
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The FCC has required
interconnected VoIP providers to provide 911/E911 service for non-nomadic customers.
Regulation and technological issues
Traditional phone services (provided through PSTN) have been configured to recognise a specified
number for calls to emergency services (such as 112 in Europe, or 911 in the United States). Emergency
calls are delivered to special call centres equipped to manage emergency response. Successful delivery of a
call within those systems requires both an association of the physical location of the originator with an
appropriate emergency service centre, and call routing to deliver the call to the centre. The emergence of
IP as a means of transmitting voice will eventually require specific provisions requiring (interconnected)
VoIP providers to enable their subscribers to access emergency services.
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Taking into account technical
difficulties, regulators are often allowing providers a more or less extended timeframe to implement
provisions, and limit among the scope of the legislation to those services/applications which are most
likely to engender confusion in users (mostly services that are viewed as a replacement for PSTN services).
DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2007)2/FINAL
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Dealing with nomadic VoIP services in the context of emergency services is clearly more difficult in
particular in obtaining caller location information.
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In the United States, the Department of Transportation
launched the Next Generation 911 initiative to address the challenges posed by new technologies to circuit-
switched emergency systems. NG911 services should allow multimedia emergency calls (including, for
example, emergency e–mail, instant messaging or SMS), to address the problem of nomadic and mobile IP
features, and ensure a secure environment for emergency calls.
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Working Group on Emergency Context Resolution with
Internet Technologies (ECRIT)
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is elaborating a new standard to allow direct routing from VoIP devices
to the emergency call centre, using a globally compatible and consistent system. The standard should show
how the availability of location data and call routing information would enable communication between a
user and a relevant emergency response centre. With technological evolution, access to emergency
services over IP in the future may become even more efficient in comparison to the current system, as it
would be global in its scope, and could be easily accessible from anywhere on any kind of network or
device.
In the future, with appropriate architecture development and technical standards, it seems that the
public safety community will be able to take advantage of modern technology to increase the flexibility
and functionality in existing emergency systems, at the same time maintaining and improving existing
performance levels. In the meanwhile, as interconnected VoIP services are threatening to compromise
public safety, several governments are considering the need to react, imposing the provision of emergency
services also to certain types of VoIP providers. These measures, however, should always consider current
technical constraints, and while measures should aim to guarantee the safety of users, they should not
constitute an unfair burden for providers, and stifle the evolution and development of VoIP.
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