access to content and services through a variety of networks and platforms, including fixed networks,
cable, terrestrial wireless (mobile and fixed), satellite, or mesh networks. In addition, being IP-based, NGN
may rely on cheaper connectivity, to make available a wider range of services more easily. However, the
transition from legacy networks to converged next generation networks may not take place evenly across
different customer groups or geographic areas. In this context, the realisation of the potential of NGN to
provide more, better and cheaper services may be limited to only certain geographic areas or population
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In the context of NGN three main issues should be addressed:
Do we still need Universal Service Obligations?
If so, which services should be included in the definition of universal service in the new NGN
environment?
Should new approaches be developed for funding universal service programmes?
Do we still need Universal Service Obligations?
Arguably, given the increased importance of communications in everyday economic and social
relations, the need to safeguard universal service has become more important. Today, there are more
opportunities than ever before to access networks and services, including through growth in mobile and
broadband penetration. This may make it easier to ensure that universal service is available. However,
including these services in discussions of universal service could require re-examination of universal
service policies, including requiring that definitions change in order to allow voice services to be provided
by other than fixed networks. This, however, could require that other technologies providing voice also
provide the other elements included in universal service, such as carrier of last resort obligations, facilities
for the disabled, location technologies for use in emergencies and a predetermined quality of service.
Which services should be included?
As stated above, universal service represents an evolving level of service. The question of which
services to include in the definition of universal service thus changes over time. Increasingly today, this
question focuses mainly on whether broadband should be included. Broadband is relatively widely
available in all geographic areas of OECD countries, although speeds may differ and there are countries
where in rural and more remote areas no access is available. A particular concern of some countries is that,
as fibre is deployed in local loops in urban areas, the service gap between urban and rural areas will widen.
Recently, the EU Commission launched a review of the Scope of Universal Service, with the exact purpose
of finding out if Universal Service should include ‘other’ basic services, rather than a fixed phone line, that
are able to provide effective access to the Internet. The review, published in 2006, concludes there is a lack
of necessary conditions and requirements to proceed to a modification of the Universal Service definition
to include mobile communications or broadband Internet access. At the same time, however, in the
medium and long-term, the EU Commission recognises that the policy debate on Universal Service should
evolve in a converging and competitive communications environment.
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The Universal Service Directive,
together with the general framework for electronic communications, is due for review in 2008, which may
bring about further discussion on the need to revise USO terms. For the moment, however, it appears it is
still unclear whether USO will be extended to cover broadband or mobile connectivity.
Another option being examined in some countries is whether to require policies to ensure universal
access to broadband at the national level. Such policies may focus on minimising the gap in services
(speed) between urban and rural areas in terms of the availability of capacity. Some OECD countries are
actively promoting national coverage of high-speed broadband networks These policies are often separate
from universal service obligations although to some extent they have a similar purpose, i.e. to make
available an infrastructure and access to a service on a national basis. In addition, in some instances, prices
to access broadband have been set by the market such that there has been little need to provide price
subsidies. (Remote areas such as the Canadian North or remote areas of Australia are notable exceptions).
Therefore, it is not clear that subsidies are needed to support the provision of the broadband Internet access
service. In Europe, the first country specifying a minimum bandwidth requirement for Internet access is
Switzerland. The country just finished the revision of its Universal Service definition in September 2006,
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and decided to introduce the obligation for the Universal Service operator, Swisscom, to offer Internet
access at a minimum rate of 600Kbit/s (uplink) and 100Kbit/s (downlink), at the maximum price of
CHF 69 (about EUR 50). The provision of this service will be undertaken without any universal service
funding. In New Zealand the government is inviting public comments on whether the Kiwi agreement
should be expanded to provide a public right to broadband. Surveys conducted by the Economic
Development Ministry suggest that a basic 256 Kbit/s per second broadband connection may be one of the
outcomes of the discussion.
Some countries consider it important that efforts are made to ensure that next generation networks and
the services they make available are provided to the extent possible equally across the country. However,
many countries have recognised that it may not be possible to provide equivalence for all elements of
services on a nationwide basis, although their initiatives to provide nationwide connectivity have as a goal
the maximisation of nationwide connectivity.
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