Convergence and the transition to next generation networks could, in the longer term, have an impact
on the definition and scope of universal service obligations (USOs). At present USOs focus on the
provision of voice services.
to all users, regardless of their geographical location within the national territory, at an affordable price,
even though there may be significant differences in the cost of supply. Differently, the term “universal
access” is used to refer to a situation where every person has a reasonable means of access to publicly
The communications market has been subject to significant changes both in terms of the means to
provide voice services (mobile, VoIP) and the decreasing importance of voice services as a proportion of
and social importance of broadband access which in turn has led to considerations as to whether broadband
access should be included as part of USOs. Earlier work by OECD in this area concluded that to do so
would be at present premature, although this should not preclude policies aimed at ensuring widespread
access to broadband including in rural and remote regions.
DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2007)2/FINAL
36
universal service to determine whether changes need
to be made and, if so, what services and access would
be required, and whether funding mechanisms should change.
The goal of universal service obligations generally are to promote the “availability, affordability and
accessibility”
81
to telecommunications services. Definitions of universal service across OECD countries
are relatively similar although there are differences in the mechanisms used to achieve these goals. Implicit
in universal service goals in many countries is national tariff averaging aimed at assisting rural households
(on the assumption that service costs are higher in those areas). In many countries part of USOs include, as
well, special tariffs for those on low incomes.
Internet access is, to some extent, already included in universal service. For example, in the United
States, the federal universal service schools and libraries program provides, among other things, discounts
for Internet access for schools and libraries throughout the nation, while the federal universal service rural
health care program provides, among other things, discounts to ensure comparability in Internet access
rates paid by health care providers in rural areas and urban areas. In addition, the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) has initiated a universal service rural health care pilot program, which seeks to
stimulate deployment of the broadband infrastructure necessary to support innovative telehealth and, in
particular, telemedicine services to those areas of the United States where the need for those benefits is
most acute. The European Universal Service Directive (USD)
82
specifies that connections to the public
telephone network at a fixed location should be capable of supporting speech, fax, and data
communications at rates sufficient for “functional Internet access.” The provision of functional Internet
access has been interpreted by the Directive as encompassing simply the provision of a “narrowband
connection”,
83
and no minimum data rate is mandated in the Directive. Overall, it seems that most EU
countries opted for not requiring more than a 28Kbit/s connection.
The definition of universal service is an evolving concept which may change over the years, to reflect
advances in technologies and usages. For example, in the United States, universal service specifically is
defined as “an evolving level of telecommunications service that the [FCC] shall establish periodically . . .
taking into account advances in telecommunications and information technologies and services.”
84
In the
EU, to ensure that the changes in USO designations justify the important associated policy interventions,
the Universal Service Directive established a number of criteria for modification. These usually include the
popularity of the service, the diffusion of the technologies, and the likeliness that the unavailability of the
service causes social exclusion. They also include considerations regarding “technological feasibility”, the
possibility to find “practical and efficient implementation mechanisms”, and the balance between the cost
of the measure and the benefits it will brings to society, always seeking to minimise market distortions.
85
Dostları ilə paylaş: