Numbering, naming and addressing
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Telephone numbers, domain names, IP addresses, and other addresses are crucial resources for
communication and access to the market. They provide operators and service providers with the necessary
data for locating and identifying customers and network points in order to deliver their services. For end
users they provide a presence in the world of communication and a means to communicate with others. For
the PSTN, the public switched telephone network, the telephone numbering system
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, is the core
mechanism to address end users. Practically all wire line and wireless networks operators base their
interconnection, interoperability and service provisioning on the telephone system. With NGN, the existing
numbering system is expected to continue, at least in the short to medium term, as the dominant scheme
within voice communication to identify and connect subscribers.
Nevertheless, the same developments that characterise the merging communications landscape, such
as the migration to IP, are affecting addressing as well, which raises risks in that access for users to
competing service providers and/or services of their choice might not be achieved if the resolution between
both addressing systems used (telephone numbers in PSTN, and IP addresses, Domain Names and Uniform
Resource Identifiers (URIs) in Internet) is not properly addressed with global standardisation.
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The IPv4 addressing scheme
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as used in the Internet has been universally embraced by NGN
networks as the core new addressing scheme, in combination with the overarching TCP/IP protocol suite.
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IP addresses are used ‘under the hood’ within networks and determinate unique network points; using an
IP address will always lead to the exact location of that network point. On top of IP addressing there are
translation mechanisms, such as the DNS (Domain Name System) that map or add other identifiers to an IP
address. These identifiers, such as domain names, e-mail addresses and SIP addresses,
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are more
comparable to telephone numbers, as they are used at the edges of networks, in the higher layer where
services and applications take place in interaction with users.
With the expansion of the public Internet, the use of domain names and e-mail addresses for end users
has become common practice worldwide, comparable to the expansion and acceptance of the telephone
numbering system. Increasingly the underlying general format used in IP networks is the URI, the Uniform
Resource Identifier. The URI is evolving into the main intra-network identifier and basically defines an
‘identity – service’ combination in a format like scheme:user@host or scheme:identifier@domain.tld. The
URI format is versatile and, next to the well known URI for e–mail (
mail to:user@domain.tld
), the URI for
SIP (sip:user@host) is becoming a main identifier to address VoIP subscribers according to the SIP
protocol. These types of identifiers are all IP-based and can eventually be traced back to an IP address.
In parallel, other more closed identifier schemes have been introduced, mainly with the emergence of
web–based VoIP and instant messaging (IM). Internet-focused companies such as eBay (Skype),
Microsoft, Yahoo, Google and AOL have added voice, IM (instant messaging) and video capabilities to
their software, serving large communities. They route mostly on the basis of ‘end to end point’
communication, having the advantage that traffic does not need to be routed through the PSTN’s
traditional switches, or via SIP gateways as used within VoIP. These highly competitive providers on the
voice market manage their subscribers’ identities with proprietary schemes
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and employ telephone
numbering only when interoperability is needed with subscribers outside their community (Skype-in).
Although implemented on a provider by provider basis, IP–based schemes follow a standardised
format and can be in principle supported across other networks. Interoperability is feasible if there is
agreement between providers. The absence of interoperability is sometimes seen as a deliberate customer
DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2007)2/FINAL
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‘lock in’, as concluded by some parties on the basis that, e.g. Skype, will not map their end users to URIs,
and the introduction of IP telephones that cannot be used for anything other than the application provided
by the IP telephony provider.
Telephone numbers by which PSTN subscribers are identified may eventually evolve into alternative
names and addresses, but generally many new services, such as web–based IM and VoIP services, are used
‘on top’ of the regular voice subscription and this does not lead to the substitution of telephone numbers.
The emergence of new addresses, however, does lead to increasing divergence, as users are collecting
more numbers and identifiers in different schemes, but there are no real indications that this divergence is
posing problems on the end–user side; end–user equipment is becoming more intelligent and capable of
handling multiple addresses and managing contact details.
The divergence however, does pose a challenge for providers. Telephone numbers in their standard
format are not supported in the core NGN networks based on IP, where generally the URI format or other
IP-based identifiers are used. Still, for users as well as for providers, being able to continue to use
telephone numbers is considered crucial for the shift from the classic telephone service to VoIP and for the
integration of new IP multimedia services. ENUM
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, a standard developed by the IETF
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was conceived for
this purpose; it offers a mechanism for transforming public telephone numbers into unique domain names.
While solving the mapping problem, it introduced potential new applications, as a result of the insertion in
the Domain Name System.
ENUM comprises a set of standards and mechanisms for transforming public telephone numbers into
unique domain names to be used in NGN, enabling providers and users to continue to use telephone
numbers which is considered crucial for the shift from the existing public switched telecommunication
environment to an Internet Protocol based environment and is thus becoming an essential building block
for NGN embedded. Due to ENUM the lifespan of the existing telephone numbering scheme could be
prolonged, subsequently maintaining the role of telephone numbers as key identifiers for
telecommunication services. Eventually, however, regulators may need to introduce more flexibility in
numbering plans by broadening the uses for existing number ranges, and considering portability of
numbers between different services. At the same time access to ENUM data will become crucial to set up
interconnection.
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