Adapting interconnection frameworks
Interconnection is essential in a competitive communications environment since it provides the means
to allow the customer of any one communication service provider to connect with the customer of any
other communications provider, and any service provider to connect, and provide service, to a customer
irrespective of their network carrier. The transition to IP-based next generation networks is likely to raise
questions as to how interconnection should be take place, given the significant differences in
interconnection practices between the PSTN and IP networks and the fact that there will be interconnection
between diverse networks including cable networks and the development of new services such as fixed-
mobile converged services.
In the PSTN environment traditionally service providers adhere to wholesale payment arrangements
known as Calling Party’s Network Pays (CPNP), where the network of the party that places (originates) a
phone call makes a wholesale payment to the network of the party that receives (terminates) the call.
Differently, Internet interconnection has been based on Peering, Paid Peering, and IP-Transit. With
peering, two Internet Service Providers (ISPs) agree to exchange traffic solely among their respective
customers, sometimes without payment; with transit, one ISP agrees to carry the traffic of a customer
(possibly also an ISP) to third parties, generally for a fee. These arrangements based on commercial
agreements result in an interconnected Internet, and have generally not been subject to regulatory
obligations. The model that applies is therefore determined, in practice, by the type of interface used to
exchange the traffic.
The question is therefore on which model interconnection in a converged NGN environment should
be based.
Depending on the strategy of companies, there will be a transition phase during which it is likely that
both sets of practices will coexist as the proportion of IP traffic increases, and that of circuit-switched
traffic decreases. This may imply, as well, a transition in interconnection procedures. In most OECD
countries regulators use long–run incremental cost models (LRIC) to determine interconnection costs.
There is a need for regulators to assess how the two sets of interconnection arrangements operate in their
current milieus to evaluate whether these should be maintained in an NGN environment. The market for
exchange of IP traffic, as regards the Internet, has worked well, producing efficient arrangements and
lower prices, and allowing for entities of different sizes to exchange traffic.
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In terms of physical facilities supporting traditional fixed and mobile switched interconnection, the
migration towards NGN changes the network topology which potentially involves several structural
changes, such as a re–organization of core network nodes and changes in the number of network hierarchy
levels.
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As an example in Germany Deutsche Telekom has 74 nodes for its IO network compared to 475
nodes for the PSTN.
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This may lead to a geographical re–arrangement of points of interconnection, and to
the reduction in the number of points, especially at the local level. At the same time it can result in new
entrants being subject to stranded investment requiring them to invest in new infrastructure in order to
reach new points of interconnection. There are different fibre network topologies in a NGN access
environment which also may need to be taken into account since the requirements and points of
interconnection may differ.
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The separation of networks functional planes should allow for the creation of a horizontal platform for
the provision of services, separated from the transport layer. For this separation to be effective,
interconnection should be possible at all functional levels. However, there is the risk that operators do not
consider horizontal separation appropriate, as it is more difficult to guarantee a certain level of quality of
service in interconnected networks, or simply because it is not in their best interest. Most incumbent
DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2007)2/FINAL
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operators still see NGN as a simple continuation of vertically integrated transport and services, as in the
case of legacy networks.
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