17 neural pathway A neural pathway is a series of connected neurons that send signals from one part of the brain to
another. This is what allows us to complete complex as well as simple thoughts and actions.
onset and rime Onset is the consonant(s) or the cluster of consonants that occurs before a vowel in a syllable. Rime
is the part of the syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it. For example, in the word
“big”, /b/ is the onset,
and /ig/ is the rime.
orthographic mapping Orthographic mapping is an internal cognitive process, not a skill, teaching technique, or activity.
Through this process, the brain links the phoneme sequence in a known spoken word with the
sequence of letters in the corresponding written word. After decoding a word sufficiently often, the
internal representation of the sequence of letters is stored in long-term memory, linked with the
word’s pronunciation and meaning. At this point, the word can be recognized a
utomatically as a
“sight word”, without deploying a decoding strategy. With repeated practice of decoding many
words, young students build up a growing bank of sight words.
phoneme A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in spoken words.
phonological awareness Phonological awareness refers to the ability to reflect on the sound structure of spoken language,
including the ability to identify and produce words that share the same rhyme (See Rhyme), hear
individual syllables (See Syllable) within a word, and break a syllable into its onset - initial sound(s)
before the vowel sound and rime (See Onset and Rime) - the rest of the syllable.
phonemic awareness Phonemic awareness is a subcomponent of phonological awareness. It refers to the ability to
identify and manipulate the smallest unit of sound in spoken words, called phonemes (See
Phoneme).