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Figure 27.
The sun is ultimately the source of energy for most living things. Herbivores obtain energy from
eating plants, which they do by using photosynthesis to absorb sunlight.
Carnivores consume herbivores, and
eventually, plant and animal matter decomposes, adding nutrients to the nutrient pool.
Energy
The study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter is known as thermodynamics. A
system is any material pertinent to a specific case of energy transfer, and anything outside of that system is
referred to as the surroundings.
The stove, the pot, and the water are all parts of the system when heating a pot
of water, for instance. Energy is moved around the system (between
the stove, pot, and water).
Systems come in two flavors: open and closed. Energy can be exchanged with the environment in an
open system. Heat can be lost to the air, so the stovetop system is open. Energy
cannot be exchanged between
a closed system and its surroundings. Living things are open systems. As they use energy from the sun to carry
out photosynthesis or consume energy-storing molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work
and emitting heat, they exchange energy
with their surroundings
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